Generic method for the absolute quantification of glutathione S-conjugates: Application to the conjugates of acetaminophen, clozapine and diclofenac

Cinnamon oil against acetaminophen-induced acute liver toxicity by attenuating inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis

“…Acetaminophen transformed into reactive metabolite, acetyl parabenzoquinoneimine (NAPQI) by liver enzymes (Cyp-P450) which bounds with cellular proteins and caused injury [ 10 ]. Formation of glutathione conjugates with NAPQI by glutathione form a non-toxic radical which is eliminated from the body [ 11 ]. However, the rapid generation of NAPQI due to the overdose of APAP depleted glutathione (GSH) level which plays a major role in hepatocellular damage [ 8 ].…”

Acute effects of diclofenac on zebrafish: Indications of oxidative effects and damages at environmentally realistic levels of exposure

“…Detection and identification of reactive intermediates generally involves the analysis of conjugates with glutathione (Braver et al, 2017). An increase in ROS levels may cause oxidative damage to aquatic organisms, including fish and invertebrates (Oliveira et al, 2015b).…”

Reduction and Scavenging of Chemically Reactive Drug Metabolites by NAD(P)H:Quinone Oxidoreductase 1 and NRH:Quinone Oxidoreductase 2 and Variability in Hepatic Concentrations

“…The following gradient was used to separate clozapine and metabolites: 0 min, 1% B; 5 min, 1% B; 30 min, 80% B; 30.5 min, 1% B; 40 min, 1% B. Hydroxydiclofenac and mefenamic acid incubations were analyzed on LC-MS as described previously. 38 , 39 Quantification of GSH conjugates was performed with authentic references which were synthesized by the method of den Braver et al 39 , 40 …”

“…The following gradient was used to separate clozapine and metabolites: 0 min, 1% B; 5 min, 1% B; 30 min, 80% B; 30.5 min, 1% B; 40 min, 1% B. Hydroxydiclofenac and mefenamic acid incubations were analyzed on LC-MS as described previously. 38,39 Quantification of GSH conjugates was performed with authentic references which were synthesized by the method of den Braver et al 39,40 Synthesis of Amodiaquine-Derived Quinone Imines. Synthesis of amodiaquine quinone imines was adapted from Harrison et al 41 Briefly, 5 equiv of freshly prepared silver oxide was added to 1 equiv of amodiaquine or desethylamodiaquine in anhydrous chloroform, and the mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature.…”

“…The TOF was operating in positive ion electrospray mode, and MS conditions were as follows: capillary voltage, 3500 V; drying gas (N 2 ), 10 l/min; desolvation gas (N 2 ), 50 psig; source temperature, 350 °C; 2 GHz, extended dynamic range mode. The following gradient was used to separate clozapine and metabolites: 0 min, 1% B; 5 min, 1% B; 30 min, 80% B; 30.5 min, 1% B; 40 min, 1% B. Hydroxydiclofenac and mefenamic acid incubations were analyzed on LC-MS as described previously. , Quantification of GSH conjugates was performed with authentic references which were synthesized by the method of den Braver et al , …”