Genes Coding for Histone Proteins in Man Are Located on the Distal End of the Long Arm of Chromosome 7

Chandler, Mary E.; Kedes, Laurence H.; Cohn, Ronald H.; Yunis, Jörge J.

doi:10.1126/science.472711

Cited by 50 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The inserts of these clones have a number of restriction sites in common and appear to form an overlapping set of sequences. The restriction pattern of AHHG 39 does not resemble that of any of the other six clones presented in this report. Histone-Encoding Regions.…”

Section: Isolation Of Clones Containing Human Histone Sequencescontrasting

confidence: 74%

“…In humans, the reiteration frequency of histone genes has been determined to be 20-40 copies per haploid genome (38), and they seem to be clustered in the long arm of chromosome 7 (ref. 39; unpublished data). We have described the isolation and characterization of seven genomic clones containing human histone genes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…digestion were denatured and electrophoresed in polyacrylamide gels. The results obtained with AHHG 6, AHHG 17, AHHG 39 and AHHG 41 are presented in Fig. 6.…”

Section: Isolation Of Clones Containing Human Histone Sequencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Organization of human histone genes.

Sierra¹,

Lichtler²,

Marashi³

et al. 1982

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

133

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We describe the isolation and initial characterization of seven independent A Charon 4A recombinant phages which contain human histone genomic sequences (designated AHHG). Restriction maps of these clones and localization of the genes coding for histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 are presented. The presence of histone encoding regions in the AHHG clones was demonstrated by several independent criteria including hybridization with specific DNA probes, hybrid selection/in vitro translation, and hybridization of AHHG DNAs to reverse Southern blots containing cytoplasmic RNAs from G1-, S-, and arabinofuranosylcytosine (cytosine arabinoside)-treated S-phase cells. In addition, the AHHG DNAs were shown to protect in vivo labeled H4 mRNAs from S1 nuclease digestion. Based on the analysis of the AHHG clones, human histone genes appear to be clustered in the genome. However, gene clusters do not seem to be present in identical tandem repeats. The AHHG clones described in this report fall into at least three distinct types of arrangement. One of these arrangements contains two coding regions for each of the histones H3 and H4. This RNA is not similar in size to known histone-encoding RNAs and is present in the cytoplasm ofHeLa cells predominantly in the G1 phase of the cell cycle.Histone proteins complex with DNA to form structures, known as nucleosomes, that are fundamental components in the organization of the eukaryotic genome. The synthesis of histone proteins is tightly coupled to DNA replication in a number of higher eukaryotic cells (1-4). Although more definitive experiments are required, several lines ofevidence point toward transcriptional level control of histone gene expression during the cell cycle in HeLa cells and in normal human diploid fibroblasts (5-10). To elucidate the levels and mechanisms of human histone gene regulation, homologous probes specific for individual histone genes, as well as knowledge about the structure and organization of the human histone genes, are required. Cloned human genomic histone sequences should provide such specific probes and are requisite for the identification of those DNA sequences involved in the regulation of these genes. Histone genes of several other species have been cloned and characterized. In sea urchins and Drosophila melanogaster these genes are clustered and tandemly repeated (reviewed in ref. 11), whereas in yeast (12), mouse (13,14), and chicken (15, 16) the histone genes are also clustered but have no apparent repeat.In this paper, we report the isolation and initial character- (19). Phage DNA was isolated by a modification of the method described by Blattner (18). All experiments involving viable bacteriophage and bacteria containing recombinant DNA were performed under conditions specified by the National Institutes of Health guidelines for research involving recombinant DNA.Gene-Specific Histone Probes. Cloned genomic chicken sequences containing H3 and H4 encoding regions were used to screen the human recombinant library. Gene localization in the ...

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Section: Isolation Of Clones Containing Human Histone Sequencescontrasting

confidence: 74%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Organization of human histone genes.

Sierra¹,

Lichtler²,

Marashi³

et al. 1982

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

133

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“…The next most frequently represented site of hybridization was chromosome 7 (pter -* qil), which had nine grains hybridization studies and previous studies using either a histone mRNA-enriched RNA fraction from human cells (19) or sea urchin complementary RNA (20) suggest that other histone genes may be located on chromosome 7. Possibly, the low grain count over chromosome'7 represents cross-hybridization of the pFNC16A HI probe with other members of the Hi gene family.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Human histone genes map to multiple chromosomes.

Tripputi¹,

Emanuel²,

Croce³

et al. 1986

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Histone genes were knapped to at least three human chromosomes by Southern blot analysis of DNAs from a series of mouse-human somatic cell hybrids (using 32p-labeled cloned human histone DNA as probes). Chromosome assignment was confirmed by in situ hybridization of radiolabeled histone gene probes (3H-labeled) to metaphase chromosomes. One human histone gene cluster (AHHG41) containing an H3 and H4 gene resides only on chromosome 1, whereas other clusters containing core (H3, H4, M2A, and H2B) alone (XHHG17) or core together with HI histone genes (AHHG415) have been assigned to chromosomes 1, 6, and 12. These results suggest that the multigene family of histone coding' sequences that reside in a series of clusters may be derived from a single cluster containing one each of the genes for the five principal classes of histone proteins. During the course of evolution, a set of events, probably involving reduplication, sequence modifil cation, and recombination, resulted in the present pattern of human histone gene distribution among several chromosomes.Human histone genes are represented as a family of moderately repeated sequences with variations in the structure, organization, and regulation of the different copies (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). Functionally, there are three classes of histone genes, with the expression of most of the genes coupled with DNA replication (6)(7)(8), =10% expressed in a non-cell-cycle-dependent manner (9, 10), and several nonexpressed pseudogenes (3). Our present understanding of human histone gene organization is based on analysis of a series of cloned 15-to 20-kilobase (kb) human genomic DNA segments containing one to five core or core plus HI histone genes (1-5, 11). The human histone genes are represented by at least 11 different types of these cloned clusters, and there is no evidence of a simple tandem repeat as observed for the histone genes expressed early during development in several lower eukaryotes (12,13). Other mammalian histone genes appear to be organized in a manner similar to that in humans (14, 15). Yet, to date, the structural relationship between these histone gene clusters remains to be resolved. MATERIALS AND METHODSSomatic Cell Hybrids. The construction and characterization of the various somatic cell hybrids have been reported (16,17 [3H]dATP to a specific activity of 2.0 x 107 cpm/,ug. Hybridization was in 2x SSC/50% formamide/10% dextran sulfate, pH 7.0, in the presence of a 1000-fold excess of salmon sperm DNA. The radiolabeled histone gene probes were denatured for 5 min at 70°C and rapidly chilled prior to hybridization at a concentration of 50 ng/ml. Hybridization was for 18 hr at 37°C, followed by extensive washing in hybridization buffer at 39°C to remove nonspecifically bound probe. The preparations were dehydrated by a series of ethanol washes, dipped in Kodak NTP-2 liquid nuclear track emulsion, and stored in the dark at 4°C for 1-4 weeks. Chromosome banding was carried out with Wright's Giemsa stain, and the preparations were analyzed by light microsc...

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“…Also, histone genes were found at a few different loci in chicken (D'Andrea et al, 1985;Grandy and Dodgson, 1987), mouse (Marzluff and Graves, 1984) and man (Chandler et al, 1979), and at each locus genes encoding different histones were located closely to each other. In plants, there are only four examples of such clustered histone genes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonconcerted evolution of histone 3 genes in a liverwort, Conocephalum conicum

Kim

Yamazaki

2004

Genes Genet. Syst.

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To estimate the extent of genetic variation at the DNA level, the histone 3 (H3) genes were sequenced from single individual each from the three cryptic species recognized based on allozyme analyses, YFS, J and T types of Conocephalum conicum and two closely related species, C. japonicum and Marchantia polymorpha . Although the H3 genes are known to be highly conserved, the nucleotide diversities were 0.128, 0.109, 0.108, 0.049 and 0.034. These values are 30 to 100 times higher than that in Drosophila melanogaster (0.001). Besides, there were considerable differences in the position, length and number of introns among the loci of H3 genes. The observed high level of nucleotide diversities was explained by the fixation of many random mutations, and non-concerted evolution that resulted from low rates of unequal crossing-over and gene conversion probably due to the dispersed structure of H3 genes on genome in this species. The non-concerted evolutionary pattern was established by the analysis of phylogenetic tree and divergence rates. This study confirmed previous results suggesting that natural populations of liverwort maintains high extent of variation at DNA level.

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Genes Coding for Histone Proteins in Man Are Located on the Distal End of the Long Arm of Chromosome 7

Cited by 50 publications

References 26 publications

Organization of human histone genes.

Organization of human histone genes.

Human histone genes map to multiple chromosomes.

Nonconcerted evolution of histone 3 genes in a liverwort, Conocephalum conicum

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