Genesis of a low-grade apatite-ilmenite-magnetite deposit in the Kauhajärvi gabbro, western Finland

Kärkkäinen, Niilo; Appelqvist, H.

doi:10.1007/s001260050236

Cited by 18 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The main zone of the Kauhajärvi gabbro crystallized under rather high ƒO 2 conditions from a fractionated P-Ti-Fe-rich mafic magma. Ap-atite, ilmenite and Ti-magnetite crystallized at the same time as ilmenite and Ti magnetite in the earliest olivine-and pyroxene-rich cumulates (Kärkkäinen and Appelqvist 1999). The mafic intrusion at Lumikangas consists of homogeneous layered gabbro and monzogabbro with a high normative alkali feldspar content and coeval crystallization of apatite, ilmenite, magnetite and mafic minerals (Sarapää et al 2005).…”

Section: Kauhajoki Ti-p-fementioning

confidence: 97%

“…1) in the Central Finland Granitoid Complex were discovered in layered mafic intrusions by drilling high gravity and magnetic anomalies at Perämaa (or Peräkorpi), Kauhajärvi and Lumikangas (Kärkkäinen and Appelqvist 1999;Sarapää et al 2005). Ti-P-Fe gabbro forms a low-grade mineral resource of over 500 Mt, containing apatite (4-6 wt %), ilmenite (8-10 wt %) and ilmenomagnetite (5-6 wt %), with a total mineral content of 20% (Kärkkäinen 2012b).…”

Section: Kauhajoki Ti-p-fementioning

confidence: 99%

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High-tech metal potential in Finland with emphasis on rare earth elements (REE), titanium and lithium

Sarapää¹,

Kärkkäinen²,

Ahtola³

et al. 2015

Central European Geology

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This article evaluates the known rare earth elements (REE), Ti and Li occurrences and exploration potential in Finland, based on existing data combined with new geochemistry and mineralogy, heavy mineral studies, geophysical measurements, geologic mapping and recent drilling of new targets.The potential rock types for REE include carbonatite (Sokli, Korsnäs), alkaline rocks (Otanmäki, Lamujärvi, and Iivaara), rapakivi granite and pegmatite (Kovela), and kaolin-bearing weathering crusts in eastern and northern Finland. The highest REE concentrations occur in late magmatic carbonatite veins in the fenite area of the Sokli carbonatite complex. Detailed mineralogical investigations have revealed three distinct types of REE mineralization as phosphates, carbonates and silicates in the studied areas. Mineralogical and mineral chemical evidence demonstrates that hydrothermal processes are responsible for the REE mineralization in the studied rocks and confirms that such processes are predominant in the formation of REE minerals in carbonatite, calc-silicate rocks and albitite. Titanium occurs as ilmenite in hard rock deposits in Paleoproterozoic subalkaline mafic intrusions. The Otanmäki ilmenite was mined together with vanadium-rich magnetite from 1953 to 1985 from a small gabbro-anorthosite complex, which still contains potential for Ti resources. Other major ilmenite deposits are within the Koivusaarenneva ilmenite gabbro intrusion and Kauhajärvi apatite-ilmenite-magnetite gabbro complex. Possible Ti resources are included in Ti-magnetite gabbro of the large layered mafic intrusions in northern Finland, such as at the former Mustavaara vanadium mine. For several years, Rare Element (RE)-pegmatite of the Kaustinen and Somero-Tammela areas has been the objective of Li exploration by the Geological Survey of Finland (GTK). At Kaustinen, Li-pegmatite occurs as subparallel dyke swarms in an area of 500 km 2 within Paleoproterozoic mica schists and metavolcanic rocks. Li pegmatite contains more than 10% spodumene as megacrysts (1-10 cm), albite, quartz, K-feldspar, muscovite and accessory minerals such as columbite-group minerals, apatite, tourmaline, beryl, Fe-oxide minerals and garnet. The Kaustinen spodumene pegmatite and Somero-Tammela petalite-spodumene pegmatite contain potential Li resources for the battery industry in EU countries.

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Section: Kauhajoki Ti-p-fementioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Kauhajoki Ti-p-fementioning

confidence: 99%

High-tech metal potential in Finland with emphasis on rare earth elements (REE), titanium and lithium

Sarapää¹,

Kärkkäinen²,

Ahtola³

et al. 2015

Central European Geology

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“…Structures and textures suggesting mingling and mixing occur widely also elsewhere in the Mäntsälä region and the HMGB . This reveals a wide synorogenic zone of coeval felsic and mafic magmatism in southern Finland, with implications for crustmantle interaction and Fe-Ti-P mineralization potential in the Svecofennian orogen (Kärkkäinen & Appelqvist 1999. Due to the widespread evidence of magma mingling and mixing, the Mäntsälä region might be one of the key areas in studies on synorogenic mafic-felsic magma interaction and crust-mantle relationship in the Svecofennian orogen in Finland (Lahtinen 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mafic-silicic magma interaction in the layered 1.87 Ga Soukkio Complex in Mäntsälä, southern Finland

Eerola¹

2002

Bull Geol Soc Finland

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“…Apatite is an important mineral in the Fanshan deposit, as it is in nelsonites (Philpotts, 1967;Hertz and Force, 1987;Kärkkäinen and Appelqvist, 1999) and in ferrodiorites or gabbronorites that are related to anorthosite complexes (e.g., Owens and Dymek, 1992;McLelland et al, 1994;Mitchell et al, 1996). Apatite occurs in all rock types of each Phase Intrusive in the Fanshan complex.…”

Section: Apatitementioning

confidence: 99%

The Fanshan Apatite‐Magnetite Deposit in the Potassic Ultramafic Layered Intrusion, North China

Cheng

Sun²

2003

Resource Geology

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. This article reviews work carried out on the Fanshan layered apatite (‐magnetite) deposit, which occurs in the Fanshan complex, a potassic ultramafic‐syenite layered intrusion located in North China. The Fanshan complex intruded into Proterozoic sedimentary rocks in the early Triassic. The complex comprises First‐ to Third‐Phase Intrusives. The First‐Phase Intrusive includes rhythmic Units 1 to 9, which mainly consist of clinopyroxenite and biotite clinopyroxenite. The apatite (‐magnetite) deposit is situated near the top of rhythmic Unit no. 6 of the First‐Phase Intrusive. The economical deposit comprises Orebody II and Orebody III. Orebody II, situated at the top of Unit no. 6, consists of two kinds of layer: one magnetite‐apatite rock layer at the top and a few apatite rock layers at the bottom. Orebody III is situated several meters below Orebody II, and consists of an apatite rock layer. There is controversy over the ore formation mechanism, the temperature and pressure of the magma intrusion, and the origin of the magma (including the possibility of magma immiscibility). We review these problems of this unique apatite (‐magnetite) magmatic deposit.

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Genesis of a low-grade apatite-ilmenite-magnetite deposit in the Kauhajärvi gabbro, western Finland

Cited by 18 publications

References 25 publications

High-tech metal potential in Finland with emphasis on rare earth elements (REE), titanium and lithium

High-tech metal potential in Finland with emphasis on rare earth elements (REE), titanium and lithium

Mafic-silicic magma interaction in the layered 1.87 Ga Soukkio Complex in Mäntsälä, southern Finland

The Fanshan Apatite‐Magnetite Deposit in the Potassic Ultramafic Layered Intrusion, North China

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