Genesis of the Cuonadong tin polymetallic deposit in the Tethyan Himalaya: Evidence from geology, geochronology, fluid inclusions and multiple isotopes

Cao, Haitao; Li, Guangming; Zhang, Rongqing; Zhang, Yunhui; Zhang, Linkui; Dai, Zuowen; Zhi, Zhang; Liang, Wei; Dong, Shouhua; Xiang-biao, Xia

doi:10.1016/j.gr.2020.12.020

Cited by 74 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 143 publications

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“…(Morad et al, 2010). Meanwhile, in porphyry‐type or some magmatic fluid–related deposits, ore precipitation temperatures are also in the range of ~350 to ~400°C (Audétat, 2019; Cao et al, 2021; Sillitoe, 2010), which approximately matches the foreside plagioclase alteration temperature. Herein, under slightly acidic and proper temperature conditions, chalcopyrite–sericite–dolomite would first be present in hypogene ores, followed by the precipitation of bornite–sericite (±Fe–Mg carbonate).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Sulphide geochemistry of the superlarge Tiegelongnan Cu (Au) deposit in Tibet, China: Implication for the mineralization process

Lin

Wang

et al. 2021

Geological Journal

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The Tiegelongnan deposit in central Tibet presents a typical high‐sulfidation porphyry Cu (Au) mineralization system. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM–EDS), and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA–ICPMS) were used to understand the mineralization processes. The advanced argillic alteration zone directly contacts the phyllic alteration zone, which is linked to the Early Cretaceous porphyritic intrusions. In this study, the spatial distributions of chief copper sulphides with variable gangue minerals are illustrated. The deep inner phyllic zone typically produced an end‐member assemblage of chalcopyrite–sericite (±dolomite), which trended upwards to produce more bornite–sericite (±siderite ± magnesite), and subsequently, the advanced argillic alteration yielded the representative end‐member assemblage of tennantite–alunite ± (aluminium‐phosphate‐sulphate, namely, APS, ±kaolinite). In the phyllic–advanced argillic transition zone, intensive covellite precipitation with the widespread occurrence of sericite–kaolinite (±APS) assemblage is proposed as an important feature in this study, which is mainly produced on the southwest side of the ore‐body centre. The typical co‐occurrence of chalcopyrite with dolomite at great depths indicates that it was related to a gently acidic fluid containing CO2; however, the pervasive tennantite–alunite association present at shallower levels suggests that fluids with SO2 were mainly involved and produced stronger acidic conditions. Acidic fluids are demonstrated to highly accelerate water‐rock alteration. Trace element analyses of the copper sulphides reflect that Au concentrations of bornite and tennantite are higher than chalcopyrite and covellite and present small signal variations. Moreover, comparing the presence of micron‐sized Au‐telluride in tennantite under advanced argillic alteration with the nano‐sized native gold in bornite resulting from phyllic alteration suggests that to a certain extent, Au enrichment is affected by the shift of more Te contents in fluid towards shallower levels, which could promote Au precipitation. Additionally, the Se contents of the selected samples were typically concentrated in chalcopyrite, bornite, and covellite, which yielded contents an order of magnitude greater than those in tennantite, indicating the intimate hydrothermal origin of the first three sulphides. Overall, the sulphide–gangue mineral associations and their copper sulphide geochemistry indicate that the hypogene–chalcopyrite of low Au contents from the phyllic zone closely corresponds to the action of gentle acidic fluids with CO2, while more acidic fluids with SO2 are involved in the formation of supergene tennantite with relatively high values of Au and Te in the advanced argillic alteration.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Sulphide geochemistry of the superlarge Tiegelongnan Cu (Au) deposit in Tibet, China: Implication for the mineralization process

Lin

Wang

et al. 2021

Geological Journal

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“…However, where mafic magma and associated fluid recharge of the silicic chambers does not take place, Cu-poor Sn deposits are the likely outcome. As a corollary, Sn deposits associated with ilmenite-series, S-type magmas generated in thickened crust without direct mafic magma input should be Cu-poor, with the Miocene Himalayan leucogranites being the type example (Cao et al 2021;Gao et al 2021). In contrast, where appreciable metasedimentary crust is not involved in transcrustal magma systems, Cu deposits, particularly those of porphyry type, are the norm.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Copper-rich tin deposits

Sillitoe¹,

Lehmann

2021

Miner Deposita

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Vein, stockwork, skarn, and carbonate-replacement Sn deposits commonly contain little or no Cu, but examples rich in Cu are also well known in many Sn belts worldwide. The origin of Sn-Cu deposits in association with fractionated and reduced, ilmenite-series granites of mostly metasedimentary crustal parentage is enigmatic because Cu, in contrast to Sn, normally accompanies oxidized, magnetite-series intrusions ultimately of mantle origin. Decompression mantle melting in back-arc or post-collisional settings generates mafic magmas, which are commonly invoked as the triggers for partial melting of thick overlying metasedimentary crust to form the fractionated, peraluminous, ilmenite-series magmas required to generate any associated Sn mineralization. Therefore, it is reasonable to suppose that oxidized fluids exsolved from these mafic magmas can contribute Cu to the synchronous and coexisting silicic chambers, thereby adding Cu to reduced Sn-bearing fluids and any resultant Sn deposits. Copper could also be released from Cu-bearing immiscible magmatic sulfides, formed during early crystallization of the reduced silicic magmas, as a result of either the introduction of these oxidized fluids and/or magma degassing. These putative mechanisms are restricted to thick metasedimentary crust, whereas in dominantly metaigneous crust the resultant magnetite-series magmas generate Cu deposits. This fundamental crustal influence on Sn versus Cu metallogeny of back-arc or post-collisional settings is responsible for both along-and across-strike transitions from the Central Andean Sn belt to regions displaying partly coeval Cu ± Au mineralization.

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“…e geomorphology is characterized as hilly and low mountain areas, with an elevation of 300-600 m. Rivers are developed in the Suining area where the Fu River is the dominant river (Figure 1). e study area is situated in the Central Sichuan fold belt [30]. e strata are composed of the Quaternary sediments, Jurassic-Cretaceous calcareous mudstones and sandstones, and Triassic limestones (Figure 2) [31].…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrochemistry and Entropy-Based Groundwater Quality Assessment in the Suining Area, Southwestern China

Zhang

Luo

et al. 2021

Journal of Chemistry

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Groundwater is an essential resource for sustainable development, whose quality is significant for human health. In the present study, twenty-eight groundwater samples were collected from domestic tube wells and public water supply wells in the Suining area, southwestern China. The integration of statistical analysis, correlations of ions, geomodelling, and entropy-weighted water quality index (EWQI) was carried out to clarify the hydrochemistry and groundwater quality in the study area. By the statistical analysis, the cations followed the concentration order as Ca2+> Na+> Mg2+> K+, while anions’ concentrations were HCO3− > SO42− > Cl− > NO3− > F−. Piper trilinear diagram showed the hydrochemical type was characterized as Ca-HCO3. Correlations of ions and geomodelling revealed the concentrations of major ions were mainly determined by carbonate dissolution and ion exchange process, and NO3− concentrations were controlled by agriculture activities. EWQI computation demonstrated that most of the groundwater samples possessed EWQI values higher than 100. Therefore, groundwater quality is lower than the permissible limit of the World Health Organization (WHO), suitable for drinking purposes in the Suining area. Our study provides vital knowledge for groundwater management in the Suining and other similar areas.

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Genesis of the Cuonadong tin polymetallic deposit in the Tethyan Himalaya: Evidence from geology, geochronology, fluid inclusions and multiple isotopes

Cited by 74 publications

References 143 publications

Sulphide geochemistry of the superlarge Tiegelongnan Cu (Au) deposit in Tibet, China: Implication for the mineralization process

Sulphide geochemistry of the superlarge Tiegelongnan Cu (Au) deposit in Tibet, China: Implication for the mineralization process

Copper-rich tin deposits

Hydrochemistry and Entropy-Based Groundwater Quality Assessment in the Suining Area, Southwestern China

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