This paper presents an optimization analysis of the cold chain logistics network structure based on genetic algorithms. Firstly, the theoretical overview of the cold chain logistics network is introduced, including the concept, characteristics, and operation process of cold chain logistics, as well as the functional effects of logistics networks. Then, the structure of the cold chain logistics network is studied, including its composition and link analysis, and the formation mechanism of the cold chain logistics network is discussed. Subsequently, the genetic algorithm and its basic ideas and solution steps are explained in detail, and a genetic algorithm-based optimization model for the layout of cold chain logistics network nodes is constructed. The feasibility and effectiveness of the model are verified through case analysis. Finally, the research results of the paper are summarized, emphasizing the importance of optimizing the structure of the cold chain logistics network to improve operational efficiency. The research findings of this paper are of great significance for promoting the development of the cold chain logistics industry.