Genetic analysis of Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) populations with different levels of sensitivity towards the Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV)

Abstract

Microsatellite (simple sequence repeats, SSR) and mitochondrial DNA markers were used to assess the structure of European codling moth populations showing different levels of susceptibility towards one of the most important biocontrol agents used in apple production, the Cydia pomonella granulovirus CpGV-M. In 638 C. pomonella individuals from 33 different populations a total of 92 different alleles were scored using six SSR loci. The global estimate of genetic differentiation for all 33 populations was not significantly different from zero, thus indicating a lack of genetic differentiation. AMOVA analysis revealed a very weak but significant variance among C. pomonella populations from different geographic regions, however, no significant variation was evident between CpGV-M resistant or susceptible C. pomonella populations. Sequence analysis of a fragment of the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 in eight C. pomonella populations resulted in 27 haplotypes, which were grouped in two distinct clusters. Again, no genetic differentiation between CpGV-M resistant and susceptible codling moth populations was detectable. In addition, Structure analysis using microsatellites and association tests with mtDNA haplotypes found neither population-level nor individual correlations associated with CpGV-M resistance. Accordingly, this lack of population structure does not allow discriminating between one or several, separate origins of CpGV-M resistance.

Genetic differentiation and diversity of Callosobruchus chinensis collections from China

“…Microsatellites are popular genetic markers because of their co-dominance, high abundance and polymorphism rates, multi-allelic nature, and rapid detection of alleles by a wide variety of methods (Queller et al ., 1993 ; Ellegren, 2004 ; Choudhary et al ., 2009 ; Dutta et al ., 2011 ; Duan et al ., 2014 b ). In recent years, SSR markers have been increasingly widely used in genetic variation studies of insect populations (Behura, 2006 ), such as genetic variation, genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship analyses of silkworm ( Bombyx mori ) (Li et al ., 2005 a , b ), Mediterranean fruit fly ( Ceratitis capitata ) (Bonizzoni et al ., 2001 ), bumble bee ( Bombus hypnorum ) (Paxton et al ., 2001 ), Argentine ant ( Linepithema humile ) (Tsutsui et al ., 2003 ), wild silkworm ( Bombyx mandarin ) (Li et al , 2005 a ), Cacopsylla chinensis Yang et Li (Sun et al ., 2011 ), biotype Q whitefly ( Bemisia tabaci Gennadius) (Tsagkarakou et al ., 2012 ), brown planthopper ( Nilaparvata lugens Stål) (Jing et al ., 2012 ), Cydia pomonella L. (Gund et al ., 2012 ), silkmoth ( Antheraea assamensis Helfer) (Singh et al ., 2012 ), fall armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda ) (Pavinato et al ., 2013 ) and soybean aphid ( Aphis glycines Matsumura) populations (Jun et al ., 2013 ).…”

Evidence for a Second Type of Resistance against Cydia pomonella Granulovirus in Field Populations of Codling Moths

“…Some of these field populations were 1,000 to 100,000 times less susceptible to CpGV-M than were typical susceptible larvae (13). When 33 resistant and nonresistant CM populations from different geographic origins were analyzed by using microsatellite (simple sequence repeats [SSR]) and mitochondrial DNA markers, it was found that these populations did not differ significantly from each other, and genetic differentiation between resistant and nonresistant populations was not possible (18). This study argued for an independent emergence of resistance at different locations within a very short time.…”

The Cryptophlebia Leucotreta Granulovirus—10 Years of Commercial Field Use

“…This is a possibility that should also be investigated for other baculovirus-host systems. For example, similar differences have been recorded in the laboratory for both virulence of different CpGV genomes [ 78 ] and susceptibility of different C. pomonella populations [ 79 ].…”