Prows DR, Winterberg AV, Gibbons WJ Jr, Burzynski BB, Liu C, Nick TG. Reciprocal backcross mice confirm major loci linked to hyperoxic acute lung injury survival time. Physiol Genomics 38: 158 -168, 2009. First published May 5, 2009 doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.90392.2008.-Morbidity and mortality associated with acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome remain substantial. Although many candidate genes have been tested, a clear understanding of the pathogenesis is lacking, as is our ability to predict individual outcome. Because ALI is a complex disease, single gene approaches cannot easily identify effectors that must be treated concurrently. We employed a strategy to help identify critical genes and gene combinations involved in ALI mortality. Using hyperoxia to induce ALI, a mouse model for genetic analyses of ALI survival time was identified: C57BL/6J (B) mice are sensitive (i.e., die early), whereas 129X1/SvJ (S) mice are significantly more resistant, but with low penetrance. Segregation analysis of reciprocal F2 mice generated from B and S strains revealed significant sex, cross, and parent of origin effects. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis identified five chromosomal regions significantly linked to hyperoxic ALI survival time . Further analyses demonstrated that both parental strains contribute resistance alleles to their offspring and that the phenotype demonstrated parent of origin effects. To validate earlier findings, we generated and tested mice from all eight possible B-S-derived backcrosses. Results from segregation and QTL analyses of 935 backcrosses, alone and combined with the previous 840 B-S-derived F2 population, further supported the highly significant QTLs on chromosomes 1 (Shali1) and 4 (Shali2) and confirmed that the sex, cross, and parent of origin all contribute to survival time with hyperoxic ALI. adult respiratory distress syndrome; mouse model; parent of origin effects; quantitative trait locus DESPITE SIGNIFICANT ADVANCES in supportive care and improvements in ventilator management (1), acute lung injury (ALI) and adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are still associated with 30 -45% mortality, which accounts for nearly 75,000 deaths/yr in the United States (36). Although more than four decades since its first description (2), the persistent high death rate related to ALI/ARDS continues to be a formidable challenge. Even results from recent meta-analyses have been contradictory as to whether ALI/ARDS mortality rates have changed over the last 15 yr (29,50). Although anyone at any age can die after the development and progression of ALI/ ARDS, older patients have an increased risk of dying (36,39,40,51). Accordingly, as the population gets older, the future social and healthcare burdens surrounding ALI will continue to escalate. Consequently, alternative research strategies are needed to address this unremitting problem.The pathophysiology of ALI has been described in detail (11,18,24,25,45,46), yet little is known about the critical genes or gene ...