Genetic analysis of small ruminant lentiviruses following lactogenic transmission

Pisoni, G.; Bertoni, Giuseppe; Manarolla, G.; Vogt, Hans-Rudolf; Scaccabarozzi, L.; Locatelli, Clinio; Moroni, P.

doi:10.1016/j.virol.2010.08.004

Cited by 53 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Also analysis of the potential Asn-X-Ser/Thr glycosylation site was carried out [36]. This site was present in sequences from all the animals (except No.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of compartmentalization in the visna clinical form of small ruminant lentivirus infection in sheep

Ramírez

Reina

Bertolotti³

et al. 2012

BMC Vet Res

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BackgroundA central nervous system (CNS) disease outbreak caused by small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) has triggered interest in Spain due to the rapid onset of clinical signs and relevant production losses. In a previous study on this outbreak, the role of LTR in tropism was unclear and env encoded sequences, likely involved in tropism, were not investigated. This study aimed to analyze heterogeneity of SRLV Env regions - TM amino terminal and SU V4, C4 and V5 segments - in order to assess virus compartmentalization in CNS.ResultsEight Visna (neurologically) affected sheep of the outbreak were used. Of the 350 clones obtained after PCR amplification, 142 corresponded to CNS samples (spinal cord and choroid plexus) and the remaining to mammary gland, blood cells, bronchoalveolar lavage cells and/or lung. The diversity of the env sequences from CNS was 11.1-16.1% between animals and 0.35-11.6% within each animal, except in one animal presenting two sequence types (30% diversity) in the CNS (one grouping with those of the outbreak), indicative of CNS virus sequence heterogeneity. Outbreak sequences were of genotype A, clustering per animal and compartmentalizing in the animal tissues. No CNS specific signature patterns were found.ConclusionsBayesian approach inferences suggested that proviruses from broncoalveolar lavage cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells represented the common ancestors (infecting viruses) in the animal and that neuroinvasion in the outbreak involved microevolution after initial infection with an A-type strain. This study demonstrates virus compartmentalization in the CNS and other body tissues in sheep presenting the neurological form of SRLV infection.

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“…Also analysis of the potential Asn-X-Ser/Thr glycosylation site was carried out [36]. This site was present in sequences from all the animals (except No.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of compartmentalization in the visna clinical form of small ruminant lentivirus infection in sheep

Ramírez

Reina

Bertolotti³

et al. 2012

BMC Vet Res

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“…Group A is comprised of a large heterogeneous group that clusters around the prototype ovine lentivirus isolates: SA-OMVV (South African Ovine Maedi-Visna virus) [23], MVV K-1514 (Iceland) [21] and MVV EV1 (Scotland) [24]. Group A has been further subdivided into 10 distinct subtypes, A1–A10 [8,25,26]. Group B contains viruses related to the prototype goat lentivirus, CAEV Cork (USA) [27].…”

Section: Implications Of Srlv Genetic Diversity and Cross-species mentioning

confidence: 99%

Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLVs) Break the Species Barrier to Acquire New Host Range

Cruz

Singh

Lamara

et al. 2013

Viruses

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Zoonotic events of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) from non-human primates to humans have generated the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), one of the most devastating infectious disease of the last century with more than 30 million people dead and about 40.3 million people currently infected worldwide. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1 and HIV-2), the two major viruses that cause AIDS in humans are retroviruses of the lentivirus genus. The genus includes arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) and Maedi-Visna virus (MVV), and a heterogeneous group of viruses known as small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs), affecting goat and sheep. Lentivirus genome integrates into the host DNA, causing persistent infection associated with a remarkable diversity during viral replication. Direct evidence of mixed infections with these two closely related SRLVs was found in both sheep and goats. The evidence of a genetic continuum with caprine and ovine field isolates demonstrates the absence of an efficient species barrier preventing cross-species transmission. In dual-infected animals, persistent infections with both CAEV and MVV have been described, and viral chimeras have been detected. This not only complicates animal trade between countries but favors the risk that highly pathogenic variants may emerge as has already been observed in the past in Iceland and, more recently, in outbreaks with virulent strains in Spain. SRLVs affecting wildlife have already been identified, demonstrating the existence of emergent viruses adapted to new hosts. Viruses adapted to wildlife ruminants may acquire novel biopathological properties which may endanger not only the new host species but also domestic ruminants and humans. SRLVs infecting sheep and goats follow a genomic evolution similar to that observed in HIV or in other lentiviruses. Lentivirus genetic diversity and host factors leading to the establishment of naturally occurring virulent versus avirulent infections, in addition to the emergence of new strains, challenge every aspect of SRLV control measures for providing efficient tools to prevent the transmission of diseases between wild ungulates and livestock.

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“…According to the current nomenclature based on 1.8 kb gag-pol and 1.2 kb pol sequences [3,10,13], the SRLVs can be subdivided into genotypes/groups A-E, with subtypes present in A, B, and E. Genotype A, can be further divided into at least nine established subtypes where A1-A2 are identified from sheep; A5, A7 and A8 from goat and A3, A4, A6 and A9 from both species. Recently, a new cluster of viral variants that do not belong to any of the previously identified subtypes A1-A7 [13] was described and tentatively defined as A10 [9], despite the Authors were not able to compare them with subtypes A8 and A9 [3], which were sequenced [13]. Finally, a further cluster of highly divergent SRLV isolates was recently identified as genotype E from Italian goat herds, characterized as low pathogenic caprine viruses [3,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic analysis of small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) in Italian flocks reveals the existence of novel genetic subtypes

et al. 2011

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In order to investigate the genetic heterogeneity of small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) isolates in Italy, 55 clinical samples collected between 1998 and 2010 were analysed. The phylogenetic study was based on analysis of gag-pol sequences. Our findings revealed that the SRLVs belonged to the subtype A9 (n = 3, sheep), B1 (n = 5, goat), B2 (n = 3, sheep) and E2 (n = 5, goat). Interestingly, 39 isolates from both sheep and goat, significantly differed from all the other SRLVs previously described and formed two separate clusters within genotypes A and B tentatively named A11 (n = 27, goat and sheep) and B3 (n = 12, goat and sheep), which have never been shown before. These results revealed a marked diversity among Italian field SRLV strains which might reflect the absence of any systematic control measures.

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Genetic analysis of small ruminant lentiviruses following lactogenic transmission

Cited by 53 publications

References 37 publications

Study of compartmentalization in the visna clinical form of small ruminant lentivirus infection in sheep

Study of compartmentalization in the visna clinical form of small ruminant lentivirus infection in sheep

Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLVs) Break the Species Barrier to Acquire New Host Range

Phylogenetic analysis of small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) in Italian flocks reveals the existence of novel genetic subtypes

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