Genetic and antigenic diversity of H7N9 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in China

He, Deqin; Gu, Jun; Gu, Minghong; Wu, Huiguang; Li, Juan; Zhan, Tiansong; Chen, Yu; Xu, Naiqing; Ge, Zhichuang; Wang, Guoqing; Hao, Xiaoli; Wang, Xiaoquan; Hu, Jiao; Hu, Zenglei; Hu, Shunlin; Liu, Xiaowen

doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104993

Cited by 17 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Regarding receptor specificity, the HP H7N9 viruses mostly retained dual receptor binding [52,53] features despite the Q217L mutation [3,9,54], which is capable of switching the specificity to the human-type receptor in H2 [55], H3 [56], H4 [57], and H5 influenza virus. It was previously shown that mutations V125T, S134P, A151T, and L217Q in H7N9 occurred around the HA receptor pocket since 2019 increasing the affinity for avian-type sialic acids while decreasing the affinity for human-type sialic acids [18]. Yin et al observed a similar result using a solid-phase direct binding assay [16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…Besides, sites 125/130 mutations induced a 5-fold difference in the neutralizing activity against the field virus [60]. Of note, the antigenicity of HP H7N9 AIV in recent years has drifted rapidly and significantly under intensive vaccination [10,12,[16][17][18]. Therefore, the antigenicity of the circulating HP H7N9 virus needs to be closely monitored, and the antigenic composition of vaccines needs to be updated as needed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sequence data were collected from public databases (NCBI and GISAID) and cleaned as described in a previous study [18]. Sequences collected from different sources were pooled together and aligned using MAFFT (v7.453) [28].…”

Section: Data Collection and Down-samplementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the prevalence of the HP H7N9 virus in poultry has been significantly reduced and human infection also has been largely eliminated [10,12,13], the H7N9 virus has not been eradicated from poultry [14,15]. Since the vaccines had been deployed to control HP H7N9, vaccine-evading variants invariably developed under vaccination pressure, resulting in the accelerated evolution of the HP H7N9 [16][17][18]. The persistent circulation of HP H7N9 is still a serious threat to public health and the poultry industry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatiotemporal Associations and Molecular Evolution of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A H7N9 Virus in China from 2017 to 2021

Wang

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Highly pathogenic (HP) H7N9 avian influenza virus (AIV) emerged in China in 2016. HP H7N9 AIV caused at least 33 human infections and has been circulating in poultry farms continuously since wave 5. The genetic divergence, geographic patterns, and hemagglutinin adaptive and parallel molecular evolution of HP H7N9 AIV in China since 2017 are still unclear. Here, 10 new strains of HP H7N9 AIVs from October 2019 to April 2021 were sequenced. We found that HP H7N9 was primarily circulating in Northern China, particularly in the provinces surrounding the Bohai Sea (Liaoning, Hebei, and Shandong) since wave 6. Of note, HP H7N9 AIV phylogenies exhibit a geographical structure compatible with high levels of local transmission after unidirectional rapid geographical expansion towards the north of China in 2017. In addition, we showed that two major subclades were continually expanding with the viral population size undergoing a sharp increase after 2018 with an obvious seasonal tendency. Notably, the hemagglutinin gene showed signs of parallel evolution and positive selection. Our research sheds light on the current epidemiology, evolution, and diversity of HP H7N9 AIV that can help prevent and control the spreading of HP H7N9 AIV.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Data Collection and Down-samplementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatiotemporal Associations and Molecular Evolution of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A H7N9 Virus in China from 2017 to 2021

Wang

et al. 2021

Viruses

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“…Infections by HPAIV have a major social and economic impact in poultry because it can result in massive deaths in the farms, and has a potential for causing disease in humans [ 9 , 10 ]. In addition, global population expansion has provided new opportunities for spillover events.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic subtyping and phylogenetic analysis of HA and NA from avian influenza virus in wild birds from Peru reveals unique features among circulating strains in America

et al. 2022

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Avian influenza virus (AIV) represents a major concern with productive implications in poultry systems but it is also a zoonotic agent that possesses an intrinsic pandemic risk. AIV is an enveloped, negative-sense and single-stranded RNA virus with a segmented genome. The eight genomic segments, comprising the whole genome, encode for eleven proteins. Within these proteins, Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) are the most relevant for studies of evolution and pathogenesis considering their role in viral replication, and have also been used for classification purposes. Migratory birds are the main hosts and play a pivotal role in viral evolution and dissemination due to their migratory routes that comprise large regions worldwide. Altogether, viral and reservoir factors contribute to the emergence of avian influenza viruses with novel features and pathogenic potentials. The study aimed to conduct surveillance of AIVs in wild birds from Peru. A multi-site screening of feces of migratory birds was performed to isolate viruses and to characterize the whole genome sequences, especially the genes coding for HA and NA proteins. Four-hundred-twenty-one (421) fecal samples, collected between March 2019 and March 2020 in Lima, were obtained from 21 species of wild birds. From these, we isolated five AIV from whimbrel, kelp gull, Franklin’s gulls and Mallard, which were of low pathogenicity, including four subtypes as H6N8, H13N6, H6N2 and H2N6. Genetic analysis of HA and NA genes revealed novel features in these viruses and phylogenetic analysis exhibited a close relationship with those identified in North America (US and Canada). Furthermore, H2N6 isolate presented a NA sequence with higher genetic relationship to Chilean isolates. These results highlight that the geographical factor is of major relevance in the evolution of AIV, suggesting that AIV circulating in Peru might represent a new site for the emergence of reassortant AIVs.

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A Closer Look at the Avian Influenza Virus H7N9: A Calm before the Storm?

Nakhaie,

Rukerd,

Shahpar

et al. 2024

Journal of Medical Virology

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The avian influenza A (H7N9) virus, which circulates in wild birds and poultry, has been a major concern for public health since it was first discovered in China in 2013 due to its demonstrated ability to infect humans, causing severe respiratory illness with high mortality rates. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a total of 1568 human infections with 616 fatal cases caused by novel H7N9 viruses have been reported in China from early 2013 to January 2024. This manuscript provides a comprehensive review of the virology, evolutionary patterns, and pandemic potential of H7N9. The H7N9 virus exhibits a complex reassortment history, receiving genes from H9N2 and other avian influenza viruses. The presence of certain molecular markers, such as mutations in the hemagglutinin and polymerase basic protein 2, enhances the virus's adaptability to human hosts. The virus activates innate immune responses through pattern recognition receptors, leading to cytokine production and inflammation. Clinical manifestations range from mild to severe, with complications including pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multiorgan failure. Diagnosis relies on molecular assays such as reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. The increasing frequency of human infections, along with the virus's ability to bind to human receptors and cause severe disease, highlights its pandemic potential. Continued surveillance, vaccine development, and public health measures are crucial to limit the risk posed by H7N9. Understanding the virus's ecology, transmission dynamics, and pathogenesis is essential for developing effective prevention and control strategies.

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Genetic and antigenic diversity of H7N9 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in China

Cited by 17 publications

References 60 publications

Spatiotemporal Associations and Molecular Evolution of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A H7N9 Virus in China from 2017 to 2021

Spatiotemporal Associations and Molecular Evolution of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A H7N9 Virus in China from 2017 to 2021

Genetic subtyping and phylogenetic analysis of HA and NA from avian influenza virus in wild birds from Peru reveals unique features among circulating strains in America

A Closer Look at the Avian Influenza Virus H7N9: A Calm before the Storm?

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