Genetic and cytogenetical effects of formaldehyde and related compounds

Auerbach, C.; Moutschen-Dahmen, M.; Moutschen, J.

doi:10.1016/0165-1110(77)90011-2

Cited by 253 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 125 publications

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“…Because this compound can inactivate many cellular components, cells have systems to metabolize formaldehyde (Auerbach et al, 1977;Barber & Donohue, 1998). We are studying proteins involved in formaldehyde metabolism by Rhodobacter sphaeroides, a bacterium with an inducible system for the metabolism of this compound (Barber & Donohue, 1998;Hickman et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification of proteins involved in formaldehyde metabolism by Rhodobacter sphaeroides

2008

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Formaldehyde is an intermediate formed during the metabolism of methanol or other methylated compounds. Many Gram-negative bacteria generate formaldehyde from methanol via a periplasmic pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-dependent dehydrogenase in which the a subunit of an a 2 b 2 tetramer has catalytic activity. The genome of the facultative formaldehyde-oxidizing bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides encodes XoxF, a homologue of the catalytic subunit of a proposed PQQ-containing dehydrogenase of Paracoccus denitrificans. R. sphaeroides xoxF is part of a gene cluster that encodes periplasmic c-type cytochromes, including CycI, isocytochrome c 2 and CycB (a cyt c 553i homologue), as well as adhI, a glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase (GSH-FDH), and gfa, a homologue of a glutathione-formaldehyde activating enzyme (Gfa). To test the roles of XoxF, CycB and Gfa in formaldehyde metabolism by R. sphaeroides, we monitored photosynthetic growth with methanol as a source of formaldehyde and whole-cell methanol-dependent oxygen uptake. Our data show that R. sphaeroides cells lacking XoxF or CycB do not exhibit methanol-dependent oxygen uptake and lack the capacity to utilize methanol as a sole photosynthetic carbon source. These results suggest that both proteins are required for formaldehyde metabolism. R. sphaeroides Gfa is not essential to activate formaldehyde, as cells lacking gfa are capable of both methanol-dependent oxygen uptake and growth with methanol as a photosynthetic carbon source.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Formaldehyde is produced at significant levels by abiotic and biological processes (Auerbach et al, 1977;Levy, 1971). Because this compound can inactivate many cellular components, cells have systems to metabolize formaldehyde (Auerbach et al, 1977;Barber & Donohue, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of proteins involved in formaldehyde metabolism by Rhodobacter sphaeroides

2008

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“…Methylene bridges are assumed to be the major structural element of cross-links, which may form in proteins and nucleic acids (Auerbach et al 1977;Shi et al 2001). Masuda et al (1999) demonstrated that formaldehyde treatment added mono-methylol (-CH 2 OH) groups to oligo RNAs at various rates and formed intramolecular cross-links via methylene bridges.…”

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confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Heat-induced Antigen Retrieval: Analyses In Vitro Employing SDS-PAGE and Immunohistochemistry

Yamashita

Okada

2005

J Histochem Cytochem.

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S U M M A R YIn this study, we examined the mechanism of heat-induced antigen retrieval using analytical procedures involving SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Five proteins were treated with 4% formaldehyde in the presence or absence of 25 mM CaCl 2 , then heated under various conditions after removal of formaldehyde and analyzed on SDS-PAGE. Formaldehyde produced inter-and intramolecular cross-links in the proteins. Heating at high temperatures cleaved these cross-links at all pH ranges examined (pH 3.0, 6.0, 7.5, 9.0) and produced almost the same electrophoregrams as the native proteins. Proteins treated with formaldehyde containing CaCl 2 showed similar electrophoretic patterns, observed without heating or after heating at pH 6.0 and pH 9.0 in the presence or absence of 10 mM EDTA. Western blot analyses demonstrated that the soluble forms of ␤ -actin (monomer and oligomers) and fibronectin were present in extracts from deparaffinized mouse uterine sections autoclaved for 15 min but not in extracts from unheated specimens. Nine of ten antigens, independent of their isoelectric points, exhibited much stronger immunoreaction in the sections heated at pH 9.0 than in those heated at pH 6.0. The second heating at pH 6.0 significantly decreased the immunostaining of the antigens that had been boiled at pH 9.0, but the immunostaining was recovered after a third heating at pH 9.0. These results suggest that the main mechanism of heat-induced antigen retrieval is disruption of the cross-links and that pH is an essential factor for a proper refolding of epitopes.

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“…In a review of the extensive literature on the genetic toxicology of formaldehyde by Auerbach et al (50), the results of experiments on formaldehydetreated food in Drosophila are discussed as well as data obtained by exposure of other organisms to 148 vapor or aqueous solutions of formaldehyde and by combination treatments with formaldehyde and other mutagens. Formaldehyde treatment alone gives positive but weak responses in many laboratory organisms; both gene mutations and various types of chromosome aberrations are produced.…”

Section: Mutagenicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most extensive data (50) have resulted from treatment of Drosophila with formaldehyde-food (FF). In the early experiments of Rapoport (52) treatment of young larvae resulted in an increase of sex-linked recessive lethals from a control frequency of 0.2% to about 6%.…”

Section: Genetic Effects Of Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Report of the Federal Panel on Formaldehyde

1982

Environmental Health Perspectives

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The Federal Panel on Formaldehyde concluded that definitive experiments exist which demonstrate the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of formaldehyde under laboratory conditions. Formaldehyde induces both gene mutations and chromosomal aberrations in a variety of test systems. Inhalation of formaldehyde causes cancer of the nose in rats. The concentrations of formaldehyde in inhaled air that caused nasal cancer in Fisher 344 rats are within the same order of magnitude as those to which humans may be exposed. The data presently available do not permit a direct assessment of the carcinogenicity of formaldehyde to man. Epidemiologic studies on exposed human populations are in progress and may further clarify the situation. Other experimental and human studies on toxic effects such as teratogenicity and reproductive disorders are as yet inadequate for a health risk assessment.The CIIT 24 month study on animal carcinogenicity has not yet been completely evaluated. Additional data are expected on the effects of prolonged exposure to lower doses of formaldehyde and on the possible carcinogenicity of formaldehyde in the mouse. The panel recommends that, for a comprehensive health risk assessment, further experiments be conducted on the effects of other modes of exposure (ingestion and skin penetration), the effects in humans, and on the pharmacokinetics of formaldehyde in man and animals and the possible role for formaldehyde in reproductive and chronic respiratory disorders.It is the conclusion of the panel that formaldehyde should be presumed to pose a carcinogenic risk to humans.

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Genetic and cytogenetical effects of formaldehyde and related compounds

Cited by 253 publications

References 125 publications

Identification of proteins involved in formaldehyde metabolism by Rhodobacter sphaeroides

Identification of proteins involved in formaldehyde metabolism by Rhodobacter sphaeroides

Mechanisms of Heat-induced Antigen Retrieval: Analyses In Vitro Employing SDS-PAGE and Immunohistochemistry

Report of the Federal Panel on Formaldehyde

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