Genetic and Ecological Correlates of Intraspecific Variation in Pitviper Venom Composition Detected Using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and Isoelectric Focusing

Creer, Simon; Malhotra, Anita; Thorpe, Roger S.; Stöcklin, Reto; Favreau, Philippe; Chou, Wen S. Hao

doi:10.1007/s00239-002-2403-4

Cited by 90 publications

(88 citation statements)

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“…Significantly less dramatic variations in the peptide complement of injected venoms have been reported for several other organisms, including snakes (Chippaux et al, 1991;Creer et al, 2003;Daltry et al, 1996a,b;Francischetti et al, 2000;MacKessy et al, 2003;Monteiro et al, 1998a,b), spiders (Binford, 2001;Cristina de Oliveira et al, 1999;Escoubas et al, 2002) The α-, ω-conotoxins and s4a have all been previously isolated from the DV and characterized. Underlined peptides are those that are putatively identified in this work by mass matching to published cDNA sequences with predicted modifications.…”

Section: Conus Catus As Determined By Maldi-msmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Sequence s4b is not included in this and Her, 2000). Variation of the peptide profiles of these other venomous animals has been associated with sex (Binford, 2001;Cristina de Oliveira et al, 1999;Escoubas et al, 2002), diet (Daltry et al, 1996b), age (Escoubas et al, 2002), geography (Binford, 2001;Creer et al, 2003), season (Monteiro et al, 1998b) and venom regeneration time (Pimenta et al, 2003). Studies controlling many of these factors have still observed venom variation, implying that intraspecific differences can be a result of genetic as well as environmental factors (Daltry et al, 1996a;Francischetti et al, 2000;Kalapothakis and Chavez-Olortegui, 1997;Monteiro et al, 1998a,b).…”

Section: Conus Catus As Determined By Maldi-msmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intraspecific variation of venom injected by fish-hunting Conussnails

Jakubowski

Kelley

Sweedler

et al. 2005

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARY Venom peptides from two species of fish-hunting cone snails (Conus striatus and Conus catus) were characterized using microbore liquid chromatography coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry and electrospray ionization-ion trap-mass spectrometry. Both crude venom isolated from the venom duct and injected venom obtained by milking were studied. Based on analysis of injected venom samples from individual snails, significant intraspecific variation (i.e. between individuals) in the peptide complement is observed. The mixture of peptides in injected venom is simpler than that in the crude duct venom from the same snail, and the composition of crude venom is more consistent from snail to snail. While there is animal-to-animal variation in the peptides present in the injected venom, the composition of any individual's injected venom remains relatively constant over time in captivity. Most of the Conus striatus individuals tested injected predominantly a combination of two neuroexcitatory peptides (s4a and s4b),while a few individuals had unique injected-venom profiles consisting of a combination of peptides, including several previously characterized from the venom duct of this species. Seven novel peptides were also putatively identified based on matches of their empirically derived masses to those predicted by published cDNA sequences. Profiling injected venom of Conus catus individuals using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry demonstrates that intraspecific variation in the mixture of peptides extends to other species of piscivorous cone snails. The results of this study imply that novel regulatory mechanisms exist to select specific venom peptides for injection into prey.

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Section: Conus Catus As Determined By Maldi-msmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Conus Catus As Determined By Maldi-msmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intraspecific variation of venom injected by fish-hunting Conussnails

Jakubowski

Kelley

Sweedler

et al. 2005

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…As a whole, these results point out to a high degree of intraspecific variability in the expression of phospholipases A 2 in L. muta venoms. Intraspecific variability of PLA 2 loci has been reported in other viperid (Vipera palestinae [51]) and crotalid (B. asper [52]; Trimeresurus flavoviridis [53]) species, and this phenomenon is often linked to differences in diet among populations [53,54]. Snake venom phospholipase A 2 genes are members of a large, rapidly-evolving multigene family with many diverse functions.…”

Section: Moleculesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Snake venomics of the South and Central American Bushmasters. Comparison of the toxin composition of Lachesis muta gathered from proteomic versus transcriptomic analysis

Sanz

Escolano

Ferretti

et al. 2008

Journal of Proteomics

127

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This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues.Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. were identified in L. muta and L. stenophrys venoms. In addition, both venoms contained a large number of bradykinin-potentiating peptides (BPP) and a C-type natriuretic peptide (C-NP). BPPs and C-NP comprised around 15% of the total venom proteins. In both species, the most abundant proteins were Zn 2+ -metalloproteinases (32-38%) and serine proteinases (25-31%), followed by PLA 2 s (9-12%), galactose-specific C-type lectin (4-8%), L-amino acid oxidase (LAO, 3-5%), CRISP (1.8%; found in L. muta but not in L. stenophrys), and NGF (0.6%).On the other hand, only six L. muta venom-secreted proteins matched any of the previously reported 11 partial or full-length venom gland transcripts, and venom proteome and transcriptome depart in their relative abundances of different toxin families. As expected from their close phylogenetic relationship, the venoms of L. muta and L. stenophrys share (or contain highly similar) proteins, in particular BPPs, serine proteinases, a galactose-specific C-type lectin, and LAO. However, they dramatically depart in their respective PLA 2 complement. Intraspecific quantitative and qualitative differences in the expression of PLA 2 molecules were found when the venoms of five L. muta specimens (3 from Bolivia and 2 from Peru) and the venom of the same species purchased from Sigma were compared.These observations indicate that these class of toxins represents a rapidly-evolving Author's personal copy gene family, and suggests that functional differences due to structural changes in PLA 2 s molecules among these snakes may have been a hallmark during speciation and adaptation of diverging snake populations to new ecological niches, or competition for resources in existing ones. Our data may contribute to a deeper understanding of the biology and ecology of these snakes, and may also serve as a starting point for studying structure-function correlations of individual toxins.

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“…Geographical variation of venom composition occurs in some snakes and is suggested to evolve in response to changes in diets [11,[15][16][17]. Cone snails (of the family Conidae) are predatory gastropods that use a venom primarily to capture prey.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of geographical heterogeneity in species interactions on the evolution of venom genes

2015

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Geographical heterogeneity in the composition of biotic interactions can create a mosaic of selection regimes that may drive the differentiation of phenotypes that operate at the interface of these interactions. Nonetheless, little is known about effects of these geographical mosaics on the evolution of genes encoding traits associated with species interactions. Predatory marine snails of the family Conidae use venom, a cocktail of conotoxins, to capture prey. We characterized patterns of geographical variation at five conotoxin genes of a vermivorous species, Conus ebraeus, at Hawaii, Guam and American Samoa, and evaluated how these patterns of variation are associated with geographical heterogeneity in prey utilization. All populations show distinct patterns of prey utilization. Three 'highly polymorphic' conotoxin genes showed significant geographical differences in allelic frequency, and appear to be affected by different modes of selection among populations. Two genes exhibited low levels of diversity and a general lack of differentiation among populations. Levels of diversity of 'highly polymorphic' genes exhibit a positive relationship with dietary breadth. The different patterns of evolution exhibited by conotoxin genes suggest that these genes play different roles in prey capture, and that some genes are more greatly affected by differences in predator-prey interactions than others. Moreover, differences in dietary breadth appear to have a greater influence on the differentiation of venoms than differences in the species of prey.

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Genetic and Ecological Correlates of Intraspecific Variation in Pitviper Venom Composition Detected Using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and Isoelectric Focusing

Cited by 90 publications

References 50 publications

Intraspecific variation of venom injected by fish-hunting Conussnails

Intraspecific variation of venom injected by fish-hunting Conussnails

Snake venomics of the South and Central American Bushmasters. Comparison of the toxin composition of Lachesis muta gathered from proteomic versus transcriptomic analysis

Effects of geographical heterogeneity in species interactions on the evolution of venom genes

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