Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Stability and Change of ADHD Symptoms Between 8 and 13 Years of Age: A Longitudinal Twin Study

Larsson, Jan‐Olov; Larsson, Henrik; Lichtenstein, Paul

doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000135622.05219.bf

Cited by 172 publications

(157 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Several longitudinal twin studies on ADHD symptoms report that new, age-specific genetic effects influence ADHD symptoms in adolescence and adulthood, suggesting that ADHD symptoms are a developmentally complex phenotype characterized by both continuity and change across the life span [3,9,12,13,19]. In addition, only a modest overlap between longitudinal genetic effects underlying both symptom domains (inattention versus hyperactivity/impulsivity) appears present, suggesting it is necessary to study both separately.…”

Section: Heritability Of Adhd Across the Lifespanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review: changing (shared) heritability of ASD and ADHD across the lifespan

Rommelse

Hartman

2016

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

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been strongly focused on childhood. The age of onset for ASD and ADHD is nearly always in childhood ([18]; but see [17]), which is the likely reason for this bias. However, given that it is already well known that developmental changes take place in both ADHD and ASD symptom domains separately, a focus beyond childhood is needed to further understand the potentially changing etiology of ADHD-ASD co-occurrence. Heritability of ADHD across the lifespanSeveral longitudinal twin studies on ADHD symptoms report that new, age-specific genetic effects influence ADHD symptoms in adolescence and adulthood, suggesting that ADHD symptoms are a developmentally complex phenotype characterized by both continuity and change across the life span [3,9,12,13,19]. In addition, only a modest overlap between longitudinal genetic effects underlying both symptom domains (inattention versus hyperactivity/impulsivity) appears present, suggesting it is necessary to study both separately. Moreover, several longitudinal studies report that subgroups may be formed based on various combinations of symptoms in both domains across the longitudinal course that likely has partly distinct genetic underpinnings ([7, 14, 25]). These findings strongly suggest that genetic effects implicated in childhood ADHD may not at all be directly comparable to those that influence ADHD in adulthood. This concurs with a review on molecular genetics in adult ADHD, where it was concluded that only some genes potentially related to childhood ADHD have been replicated in adults with the disorder [8]. In addition, in some cases the same genes were implicated, but different alleles increased the risk for ADHD in children versus adults (for instance, the 10-repeat in the dopamine transporter gene [DAT1] increased the risk for ADHD in children, but decreased the risk in adults) [8]. Note though that currently

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Section: Heritability Of Adhd Across the Lifespanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review: changing (shared) heritability of ASD and ADHD across the lifespan

Rommelse

Hartman

2016

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

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“…28,[68][69][70] However, there is some additional genetic contribution specific to symptoms at the later time point in longitudinal studies. 28,68 This suggests that susceptibility genes for ADHD may also influence its continuity over time but that there may be additional genetic modifier loci that specifically influence the presence of symptoms at later ages. So far there has been one published longitudinal study that found association of the DRD4 7 repeat allele with ADHD and ADHD persistence in boys aged 4 and 11 years.…”

Section: Persistence and Continuitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Refining the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder phenotype for molecular genetic studies

et al. 2006

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It is well established that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a familial and highly heritable disorder. Consequently, much effort is being directed towards searching for specific susceptibility genes. There is a growing trend, across the field of complex disease genetics, towards undertaking secondary analyses based on refined phenotypic definitions and in testing whether specific susceptibility genes modify the phenotypic presentation of the disorder in question. It is crucial that good, empirically derived arguments are made before undertaking multiple analyses on different phenotype refinements. In this review article, we consider the evidence from genetic epidemiological studies as well as key clinical studies that provide guidance on examining the ADHD phenotype for the purpose of molecular genetic studies. Specifically, findings on categorical versus dimensional conceptualisations of ADHD, reporter effects, comorbidity, ADHD subtypes and persistence are reviewed. Current evidence suggests that for the purpose of identifying susceptibility genes for ADHD, parent and teachers should be used as informants and that focusing on the clinical diagnosis of ADHD is useful. There is also good empirical support in favour of examining antisocial behaviour in ADHD. Genetic studies of dimensional ADHD are useful for other complementary purposes.

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“…Different scales resulted in slightly different heritability estimates for girls and boys, and in one study, an effect of age was detected with lower heritability estimates in 8-9-year-old boys than girls and higher heritability estimates in 13-14-year-old boys than girls based on a DSM-III-R questionnaire [53,67]. For combined ADHD as assessed be the CAPA, a similar genetic factor for girls and boys was described, whereas for the inattentive subtype, a second genetic factor was described which was more common in girls [65,67].…”

Section: Sex Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenotypic and measurement influences on heritability estimates in childhood ADHD

Freitag

Rohde

Lempp

et al. 2010

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

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Twin studies described a strongly heritable component of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents. However, findings varied considerably between studies. In addition, ADHD presents with a high rate of comorbid disorders and associated psychopathology. Therefore, this literature review reports findings from population-based twin studies regarding the influence of subtypes, assessment instruments, rater effects, sex differences, and comorbidity rates on ADHD heritability estimates. In addition, genetic effects on the persistence of ADHD are discussed. By reviewing relevant factors influencing heritability estimates more homogeneous subtypes relevant for molecular genetic studies can be elicited. A systematic search of population-based twin studies in ADHD was performed, using the databases PubMed and PsycInfo. Results of family studies were added in case insufficient or contradictory findings were obtained in twin studies. Heritability estimates were strongly influenced by rater effects and assessment instruments. Inattentive and hyperactiveimpulsive symptoms were likely influenced by common as well as specific genetic risk factors. Besides persistent ADHD, ADHD accompanied by symptoms of conduct or antisocial personality disorder might be another strongly genetically determined subtype, however, family environmental risk factors have also been established for this pattern of comorbidity.

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Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Stability and Change of ADHD Symptoms Between 8 and 13 Years of Age: A Longitudinal Twin Study

Cited by 172 publications

References 48 publications

Review: changing (shared) heritability of ASD and ADHD across the lifespan

Review: changing (shared) heritability of ASD and ADHD across the lifespan

Refining the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder phenotype for molecular genetic studies

Phenotypic and measurement influences on heritability estimates in childhood ADHD

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