Genetic And Environmental Factors Involved In The Development Of Oral Malformations Such As Cleft Lip/Palate In Non-Syndromic Patients And Open Bite Malocclusion

Abstract

Among the most common malformations observed in the oral cavity are cleft lip/palate and malocclusions, being this last one considered by the World Health Organization, the third public health problem.Malocclusions include the anterior open bite, a change in the vertical plane, that can be of two types: dental anterior open bite and skeletal anterior open bite. Cleft lip and cleft palate are the most common congenital malformations at birth. These malformations result from a failure in the normal craniofacial development process, which requires the coordination of a complex series of events. From the embryological point of view, the cleft lip/palate is a consequence of the failure of the first superior branchial arch to complete fusion with the frontonasal process during pregnancy.All these malformations result from the interaction of both genetic and environmental factors. Among the environmental factors involved in the development of malocclusions are deleterious habits, mouth breathing and trauma. Several genes involved in the development of facial bones, muscles and teeth are also responsible for the development of malocclusions. In the same way, clefts development is a multifactorial trait where multiple genes are involved as well as environmental factor like alcohol consumption, tobacco, exposure to pesticides or toxic solvents, in a complex interaction.All these factors may jeopardize the normal functioning of the stomatognathic system and the consequent quality of life of the patient. The purpose of this study was to review the literature concerning the genetic and environmental aspects involved in the development of these malformations.

Anterior Open Bite Malocclusion: From Clinical Treatment Strategies towards the Dissection of the Genetic Bases of the Disease Using Human and Collaborative Cross Mice Cohorts

“…Other studies have investigated genetic factors that contribute to the development of open bite, and have found that genes involved in the growth and development of bones, teeth, and soft tissues may be associated with this malocclusion [45]. Several genes have been identified, including CYP19A1, GHR, TNF-α, RANKL/RANK, OPG, MYO1H, MMP, TIMPs, α-actin, and PTHR1 [46]. However, environmental factors are also important, and the occurrence of open bite is multifactorial, resulting from the interaction of genetic and environmental factors.…”

Short- and Long-Term Effects of Maxillary Expander with Tongue Crib in Growing Open-Bite and Skeletal Class II Patients: A Retrospective Study

“…AOB may impact aesthetic, phonetic, and psychological well-being [5]. As reported in the literature, several hereditary and environmental etiological factors are involved in anterior open bite malocclusion [5][6][7]. Extrinsic factors include non-nutritive sucking habits, abnormal tongue posture, specific dietary habits, mouth breathing (frequently associated with enlarged adenoids or tonsils), and all conditions directly related to altered orofacial growth [3,8,9].…”

Understanding of Speech Production in Cleft Lip/Palate

“…Cleft lip and palate (CLP) disorders happen when the upper lip or hard palate does not form completely during fetal development, resulting in a gap or split in the lip/palate. This condition can affect either the hard palate or the soft palate due to incomplete fusion of the tissues that make up the palate (Leal et al, 2020;Vyas et al, 2020). Cleft lip disorder is a common birth abnormality that affects around 700 babies worldwide each year (Mc Goldrick et al, 2023;Muzammil et al, 2021).…”