Genetic and Environmental Influences on Personal and Rhythmic‐Motor‐Activity Tempo in Children: A Twin Study

Abstract

In this study, we investigated the degree to which genetics and environmental factors influence the tempo and tempo stability of rhythmic motor activity in young children, using a twin study design. A total of 116 twin children, aged 4 years, were asked to strike two small clash cymbals together in a cyclical manner, in three phases. In the first phase, children were asked to maintain a comfortable personal tempo of rhythmic motor activity (spontaneous motor phase). In contrast, in the other phases, children were required to synchronize rhythmic motor activity in response to the timing of a stimulus tone, or a memorized tempo. Large additive genetic, although negligible shared environmental influences, were observed in the spontaneous motor phase. However, environmental factors were estimated in the other two phases, while the additive genetic factor was nearly zero. These results indicate that the extent of genetic and environmental influences on individual differences in rhythmic motor activity can be modulated under different situations.

Which factors modulate spontaneous motor tempo? A systematic review of the literature

“…Regarding the sex repartition, only two studies recruit an equal number of women and men (Michaelis et al, 2014 ; De Pretto et al, 2018 ); the others recruit either more women or more men. As reported in Table 4 , the effect of sex on SMT has not been extensively studied, given that only one study addresses this question and reports no significant results (Suzuki and Ando, 2018 ). Regarding the laterality, the majority of studies do not report the laterality of participants ( Table 3 , N = 8/13).…”

“…This result is in accordance with the last intrinsic factor identified in the current literature review, namely, the genotype. Two studies focus on this factor (Wiener et al, 2011 ; Suzuki and Ando, 2018 ). The first study finds a significant correlation between the tempo level in monozygotic twins but not in dizygotic twins, thereby suggesting that the genetic code could have a role in the SMT values (Suzuki and Ando, 2018 ).…”

“…Two studies focus on this factor (Wiener et al, 2011 ; Suzuki and Ando, 2018 ). The first study finds a significant correlation between the tempo level in monozygotic twins but not in dizygotic twins, thereby suggesting that the genetic code could have a role in the SMT values (Suzuki and Ando, 2018 ). However, no difference between women and men is found, thereby preventing the possible role of sex on the SMT values (Suzuki and Ando, 2018 ).…”

الإيقاع الحركي لدي الأطفال Motor Rhythm In Children

“…(François-Brosseau, Martinu, Strafella, Petrides et al, 2009) Coull & Nobre, 2008 upplementary motor area (SMA) basal ganglia (BG) (Avanzino, Pelosin, Vicario, Lagravinese et al, 2016) constant (s) (Redgrave, Rodriguez, Smith, Rodriguez-Oroz et al, 2010 Rao, Marder, Uddin, andRakitin (2014) (SMA) (Rao, Marder, Uddin, & Rakitin, 2014) (François-Brosseau, Martinu, Strafella et al, 2009 basal ganglia (BG) (Avanzino et al, 2016) Redgrave, Rodriguez, Smith Rodriguez-Oroz and et al, (1975 a, 1975 b, 1978) (Smoll, 1975(Smoll, a, 1975(Smoll, b, 1978 Neale and Maes (Frischeisen-Kohler, 1933;Smoll,1975aSmoll, , 1975bSmoll, , 1978Neale & Maes, 2002) (Larzelere, 2009;McAuley, 2010;Suzuki, Ando, & Satou, 2009;Suzuki & Ando, 2018) Pollatou, Karadimou and Gerodimos, ( 2005 Rose ( 2016) (Rose, 2016)…”