Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation of Vernalization in Brassicaceae

Akter, Ayasha; Nishida, Namiko; Takada, Shoji; Itabashi, Etsuko; Osabe, Kenji; Shea, Daniel J.; Fujimoto, Ryo

doi:10.5772/intechopen.74573

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 86 publications

(130 reference statements)

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“…Sequence variation at the FLC locus modulates the requirement for vernalization-induced FLC repression (Shindo et al, 2006;Madrid et al, 2021). This variation is frequently responsible for natural flowering time variation in Arabidopsis and other Brassicaceae (Akter et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

FLOWERING LOCUS Cdrives delayed flowering inArabidopsisgrown and selected at elevated CO₂

Henderson-Carter,

Kinmonth-Schultz,

Hileman

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Altered flowering time at elevated [CO2] is well documented, although mechanisms are not well understood. AnArabidopsisgenotype previously selected for high fitness at elevated [CO2] (SG) showed delayed flowering and larger size at flowering when grown at elevated (700 ppm) versus current (380 ppm) [CO2]. This response was correlated with prolonged expression ofFLOWERING LOCUS C(FLC), a vernalization-responsive floral repressor gene. To determine ifFLCdirectly delays flowering at elevated [CO2] in SG, we used vernalization (extended cold) to downregulateFLCexpression. We hypothesized that vernalization would eliminate delayed flowering at elevated [CO2] through the direct reduction ofFLCexpression, eliminating differences in flowering time between current and elevated [CO2]. We found that with downregulation ofFLCexpression via vernalization, SG plants grown at elevated [CO2] no longer delayed flowering compared to current [CO2]. Thus, vernalization returned the earlier flowering phenotype, counteracting effects of elevated [CO2] on flowering. This study indicates that elevated [CO2] can delay flowering directly throughFLC, and downregulation ofFLCunder elevated [CO2] reverses this effect. Moreover, this study demonstrates that increasing [CO2] may potentially drive major changes in development throughFLC.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

FLOWERING LOCUS Cdrives delayed flowering inArabidopsisgrown and selected at elevated CO₂

Henderson-Carter,

Kinmonth-Schultz,

Hileman

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Flowering time is one of the major in uences on the quality of the harvested product and seed in the genus Brassica. Brassica species originally required prolonged cold exposure to induce owering, and this phenomenon is called vernalization (Itabashi et al 2018;Akter et al 2018;. B. rapa has two main owering types, one requires little or no vernalization, and the other is vernalization requiring (Su et al 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of FLOWERING LOCUS C 5 in Brassica rapa L.

Akter

Kakizaki

Itabashi

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Brassica rapa L., which includes Chinese cabbage, turnip, and pak choi, has more complex flowering time regulation than does Arabidopsis thaliana due to the presence of multiple paralogous flowering time genes. FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) is one of the key genes regulating flowering time. Although there is a single gene in A. thaliana, there are four FLC paralogs in B. rapa. BrFLC1, BrFLC2, and BrFLC3 are involved in regulating flowering time, whereas BrFLC5 is deemed a pseudogene because of a mutation (from G to A) in the splice site of the third intron. However, some accessions do not have this mutation, and a flowering-time quantitative trait locus (QTL) covering BrFLC5 associated with late flowering has been identified, suggesting that some accessions in B. rapa have a functional BrFLC5 gene. However, it has not been shown whether BrFLC5 acts as a floral repressor. To examine the allelic variation of BrFLC5, we genotyped 310 B. rapa accessions and found 19 had homozygous and 81 had heterozygous putative functional BrFLC5 alleles. BrFLC5 acts as a floral repressor when overexpressed in A. thaliana. Variation in the BrFLC5 expression level in pre-vernalized plants was identified and this transcriptional variation was not associated with the G/A polymorphism in the third intron. However, higher BrFLC5 expression in pre-vernalized plants is associated with 584 bp insertion in the promoter region. The possibility that a high expression of a functional BrFLC5 could contribute to producing premature bolting-resistant lines in B. rapa vegetables is discussed.

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“…Flowering time is one of the major influences on the quality of the harvested product and seed in the genus Brassica . Brassica species originally required prolonged cold exposure to induce flowering, and this phenomenon is called vernalization (Itabashi et al 2018 ; Akter et al 2018 , 2021 ). B. rapa has two main flowering types; one requires little or no vernalization, and the other requires vernalization (Su et al 2018 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of FLOWERING LOCUS C 5 in Brassica rapa L.

et al. 2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Brassica rapa L., which includes Chinese cabbage, turnip, and pak choi, has more complex flowering time regulation than does Arabidopsis thaliana due to the presence of multiple paralogous flowering time genes. FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) is one of the key genes regulating the flowering time, and B. rapa has four FLC paralogs. BrFLC5 on the reference genome is deemed a pseudogene because of a mutation (from G to A) in the splice site of the third intron, but there are some accessions with a G nucleotide in the splice site. In this study, we genotyped 310 B. rapa accessions and found that 19 had homozygous and 81 had heterozygous putative functional BrFLC5 alleles. Accessions of turnip showed the highest proportion with a functional BrFLC5 allele. BrFLC5 acts as a floral repressor when overexpressed in A. thaliana. The BrFLC5 expression level varied in pre-vernalized plants, and this transcriptional variation was not associated with the G/A polymorphism in the third intron. Three accessions having a higher BrFLC5 expression in pre-vernalized plants had a 584-bp insertion in the promoter region. Many regions homologous to this 584-bp sequence are present in the B. rapa genome, and this 584-bp inserted region has tandem duplications of an AT-rich sequence in its central region. The possibility that a high expression of a functional BrFLC5 could contribute to producing premature bolting-resistant lines in B. rapa vegetables is discussed.

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Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation of Vernalization in Brassicaceae

Cited by 4 publications

References 86 publications

FLOWERING LOCUS Cdrives delayed flowering inArabidopsisgrown and selected at elevated CO₂

FLOWERING LOCUS Cdrives delayed flowering inArabidopsisgrown and selected at elevated CO₂

Characterization of FLOWERING LOCUS C 5 in Brassica rapa L.

Characterization of FLOWERING LOCUS C 5 in Brassica rapa L.

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Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation of Vernalization in Brassicaceae

Cited by 4 publications

References 86 publications

FLOWERING LOCUS Cdrives delayed flowering inArabidopsisgrown and selected at elevated CO2

FLOWERING LOCUS Cdrives delayed flowering inArabidopsisgrown and selected at elevated CO2

Characterization of FLOWERING LOCUS C 5 in Brassica rapa L.

Characterization of FLOWERING LOCUS C 5 in Brassica rapa L.

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FLOWERING LOCUS Cdrives delayed flowering inArabidopsisgrown and selected at elevated CO₂

FLOWERING LOCUS Cdrives delayed flowering inArabidopsisgrown and selected at elevated CO₂