Genetic and Functional Effects of Adiponectin in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Development

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common chronic metabolic disease, and the C57BLKsJ-db/db mice are good animal models for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this study, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were employed to examine the protein expression of adiponectin in the liver tissues of T2DM mice with different disease courses (4, 16, and 32 weeks). Adiponectin expression reduced in the liver tissues of T2DM mice in different disease courses. The genotypic and allelic frequencies of the adiponectin gene rs1063538 and rs2241766 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a Taiwanese population (570 T2DM patients and 1700 controls) were investigated. Based on the genetic distribution of the rs2241766 locus, the distribution frequency of the T allele in the T2DM group (72.8%) was higher than in the control group (68.8%). Individuals carrying the G allele had a 0.82-fold greater risk of developing T2DM than individuals carrying the T allele. Differences were evident in the genotypic and allelic distributions (p < 0.05). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure changes in serum adiponectin protein concentrations in the healthy population and in patients with T2DM. Serum adiponectin concentration in patients with T2DM was lower than in the control group. In summary, adiponectin was determined to be a T2DM susceptibility gene and may be involved in T2DM progression.

Antiobesity Potential of Butterfly Pea Flower (Clitoria Ternatea): A Literature Review

“…Clitoria ternatea extracts might inhibit the progression of weight gain or the development of obesity. It is likely to occur because CTE can increase adiponectin levels, improve insulin resistance and lipid profiles (Wang et al, 2022). These results are similar to other studies, but Permatasari et al stated that there was no significant difference in body weight between the treatment and control groups.…”

“…The CTE-improved energy balance by adiponectin is likely due to several mechanisms that align with the results of the four studies above. Clitoria Ternatea Extract reduces total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol (Wang et al, 2022), triglycerides (Thilavech et al, 2021), plasma glucose (Permatasari et al, 2022), and mature adipocyte lipolysis (Chayaratanasin et al, 2019). Adiponectin is a protein class hormone mainly produced by white adipose tissue (Rosa et al, 2021).…”

“…Adiponectin increases the efficiency of energy use because it plays a role in increasing glucose tolerance & insulin sensitivity and reducing energetic expenditure (Cisternas et al, 2019). Wang et al (2022) conducted a study on obese rats. C. ternatea aqueous extract significantly inhibited high-fat diet-induced weight gain in rats.…”

“…Pancreatic beta cells treated with adiponectin showed improvement in insulin exocytosis and Pdx-1 and MafA gene expression, both co-activators of insulin gene transcription . Adiponectin elevates glucose consumption by stimulating GLUT4 membrane translocation in muscle cells and adipocytes after AMPK phosphorylation (Wang et al, 2022). It is because the APPL1 protein activates the Rab5 protein.…”

“…Adiponectin also inhibits the formation of glucose and glycogen. This is because it reduces the expression of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase and PEPCK, reducing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver cells (Tang et al, 2022). Because of its role in AMPK activation, adiponectin also reduces glycogen production in muscle cells (Sung et al, 2022).…”