Genetic and Heritable Risk Factors in Periodontal Disease

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to review current knowledge of genetic risk factors for the periodontal diseases and to present updated and additional data from the Minnesota Twin Periodontal Study. Family studies suggest that susceptibility to the early onset forms of disease, particularly prepubertal and juvenile periodontitis, is, at least in part, influenced by host genotype. Inherited phagocytic cell deficiencies appear to confer risk for prepubertal periodontitis. The prevalence and distribution of juvenile periodontitis in affected families are most consistent with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. However, considerable etiologic as well as genetic heterogeneity within these clinically‐defined diseases is evident. Whether or not genetic factors influence the more common adult chronic periodontitis is less clear. Although results from family studies suggest that environmental factors appear to be the major determinants of variance in adult periodontitis, data from our twin studies indicate that both genetic and environmental factors influence disease. Furthermore, comparisons between reared‐together and reared‐apart adult monozygous twins indicate that early family environment has no appreciable influence on probing depth and attachment loss measures in adults. J Periodontol 1994;65:479–488.

Association Between Apical Periodontitis and TNF-α -308 G>A Gene Polymorphism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Host risk factors such as age, gender, smoking, socioeconomic factors, certain systemic diseases and genetic profile are being studied (12)(13)(14). In this way, several investigations have focused on the identification of SNPs involved with the host response and its ability to generate a deficient immune system (12,(15)(16)(17)(18)(19).…”

Novel Hairpin-Shaped Primer Assay To Study the Association of the −44 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism of theDEFB1Gene with Early-Onset Periodontal Disease

“…Moreover, a recent observation by Putsep et al on patients suffering from morbus Kostmann (24) highlights the role of antimicrobial peptides in periodontal disease. Epidemiological studies clearly demonstrate that genetic factors play a significant role in EOP (9,21), underscoring the importance of applying genetics approaches to study EOP. The C3G transversion at position Ϫ44 of the DEFB1 gene (which encodes human ␤-defensin 1) has been associated with Candida sp.…”

El papel de la genética en la aparición y desarrollo de la periodontitis: I: evidencias científicas de la asociación entre periodontitis y genética

“…Los estudios de gemelos más importantes son los conducidos en Minnesota por Michalowicz (26)(27)(28)(29). Este grupo estudió los parámetros periodontales de una muestra amplia de gemelos monocigotos y dicigotos criados juntos y separados.…”

“…La patogénesis de estas enfermedades, la gran cantidad de afectaciones sistémicas con que cursan, su asociación con otros posibles factores de riesgo en algunos casos y sobre todo la baja prevalencia de muchas de ellas hacen que la información que aporta su estudio en relación con la periodontitis se vea limitada acerca de su significación o extrapolación a la población general (27). No obstante, la importancia del análisis de estas condiciones o síndromes, es que demuestran claramente que una mutación gené-tica puede aumentar de forma significativa la susceptibilidad a la periodontitis.…”