Genetic and Nongenetic Risk Factors for Childhood Cancer

Spector, Logan G.; Pankratz, Nathan; Marcotte, Erin L.

doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2014.09.013

Cited by 162 publications

(201 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…We also excluded children that were missing sex (n=3), births that were likely not viable (gestational age <20 weeks and/or birthweight <500g) (n=169), and children diagnosed with Down syndrome (n=151). The latter was done because Down syndrome is a strong risk factor for childhood cancer [3] and potentially related to pregnancy-related characteristics, including maternal obesity [38]. Additionally, mothers who had extreme or implausible BMI values (<17 kg/m 2 or > 45 kg/m 2 ) and gestational weight gain values (< −2 kg or >32 kg) were excluded.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In large part, the factors contributing to these increasing trends are largely unknown, as few risk factors for childhood cancer have been established [2]. Known risk factors include ionizing radiation, prior chemotherapy, and congenital genetic syndromes such as Down syndrome, neurofibromatosis, Fanconi anemia, and Bloom Syndrome, though these are only suspected to contribute to 5% to 10% of childhood cancers [3]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Maternal pre-pregnancy and gestational diabetes, obesity, gestational weight gain, and risk of cancer in young children: a population-based study in California

Contreras

Ritz

Virk

et al. 2016

Cancer Causes Control

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Purpose We aimed to examine the influence of pre-pregnancy diabetes, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), gestational diabetes, and gestational weight gain on childhood cancer risk in offspring. Methods We identified cancer cases (n=11,149) younger than age 6 years at diagnosis from the California Cancer Registry registered between 1988–2013. Controls (n=270,147) were randomly sampled from California birth records, and frequency-matched by year of birth to all childhood cancers during the study period. Exposure and covariate information was extracted from birth records. Unconditional logistic regression models were generated to assess the importance of pre-pregnancy diabetes, pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational diabetes, and gestational weight gain on childhood cancer risk. Results We observed increased risks of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and Wilms’ tumor in children of mothers with pre-pregnancy diabetes [odds ratio (OR) =1.37, 95% confidence interval (CI): (1.11, 1.69), OR=1.45, 95% CI: (0.97, 2.18), respectively]. When born to mothers who were overweight prior to pregnancy (BMI 25–<30), children were at increased risk of leukemia [OR=1.27, 95% CI: (1.01, 1.59)]. Insufficient gestational weight gain increased the risk of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) [OR=1.50 (95% CI: 0.92, 2.42)] while excessive gestational weight gain increased the risk of astrocytomas [OR=1.56, 95% CI: (0.97, 2.50)]. No associations were found between gestational diabetes and childhood cancer risk in offspring. Conclusions We estimated elevated risks of several childhood cancers in the offspring of mothers who had diabetes and were overweight prior to pregnancy, as well as mothers who gained insufficient or excessive weight. Since few studies have focused on these factors in relation to childhood cancer, replication of our findings in future studies is warranted.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal pre-pregnancy and gestational diabetes, obesity, gestational weight gain, and risk of cancer in young children: a population-based study in California

Contreras

Ritz

Virk

et al. 2016

Cancer Causes Control

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“…Evidence is slowly growing for several possible causal associations. Ionizing radiation and prior chemotherapy have been shown to cause childhood cancers (Spector et al, 2015). In addition, males have a slightly higher risk of developing most childhood cancers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, males have a slightly higher risk of developing most childhood cancers. Older parental age and race/ethnicity also play a role in the development of malignancies in infancy with highest rates observed among whites (Spector et al, 2015). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to ambient dichloromethane in pregnancy and infancy from industrial sources and childhood cancers in California

Park

Ritz

Ling

et al. 2017

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health

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Background The incidence of childhood cancers has been increasing, and environmental exposure to air toxics has been suggested as a possible risk factor. This study aims to explore ambient exposure to dichloromethane (methylene chloride). Methods We frequency matched by birth year approximately 20 cancer-free controls identified from birth records to all childhood cancers ages 0–5 in the California Cancer Registry diagnosed from 1988–2012; i.e. 13,636 cases and a total of 270,673 controls. Information on industrial releases of dichloromethane within 3km of birth addresses was retrieved from mandatory industry reports to the EPA’s Toxics Release Inventory (TRI). We derived exposure to dichloromethane within close vicinity of birth residences using several modeling techniques including unconditional logistic regression models with multiple buffer distances, inverse distance weighting, and quadratic decay models. Results We observed elevated risks for germ cell tumors [Odds Ratio (OR): 1.52, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.11, 2.08], particularly teratomas (OR: 2.08, 95% CI 1.38–3.13), and possible increased risk for acute myeloid leukemias (AML) (OR: 1.29, 95% CI 0.93, 1.77). Risk estimates were similar in magnitude whether releases occurred in pregnancy or the child’s first year of life. Conclusion Our findings suggest that exposure to industrial dichloromethane releases may be a risk factor for childhood germ cell tumors, teratomas, and possibly AML.

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“…[1] While overall 5-year survival rate has improved to 80% on average, the US annual incidence rate increased by 0.8% per year from 1975 to 2012 in children aged 14 years and younger. [1,2] . Like many other diseases and cancers, childhood ALL risk shows consistent sex differences.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia genome-wide association study identifies novel sex-specific risk variants

et al. 2016

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Genetic and Nongenetic Risk Factors for Childhood Cancer

Cited by 162 publications

References 85 publications

Maternal pre-pregnancy and gestational diabetes, obesity, gestational weight gain, and risk of cancer in young children: a population-based study in California

Maternal pre-pregnancy and gestational diabetes, obesity, gestational weight gain, and risk of cancer in young children: a population-based study in California

Exposure to ambient dichloromethane in pregnancy and infancy from industrial sources and childhood cancers in California

A childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia genome-wide association study identifies novel sex-specific risk variants

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