Genetic and phylogenetic clustering of enteroviruses

Pöyry, Tuija; Kinnunen, Leena; Hyypiä, Timo; Brown, Betty A.; Horsnell, Christine; Hovi, Tapani; Stanway, Glyn

doi:10.1099/0022-1317-77-8-1699

Cited by 172 publications

(134 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Complete cell-type-specific growth restriction as a function of IRES identity has not been previously reported. Relative to PV and CBV3, the two enteroviruses focused upon in this study are closely related (30,43). It was therefore unexpected to observe the dramatic in vitro replication differences between CBV3 and ECV12(5ЈNTR)CBV3 on the primary murine cell lines utilized.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

A Predicted Secondary Structural Domain within the Internal Ribosome Entry Site of Echovirus 12 Mediates a Cell-Type-Specific Block to Viral Replication

Bradrick

Lieben

Carden

et al. 2001

J Virol

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The enterovirus 5 nontranslated region (NTR) contains an internal ribosome entry site (IRES), which facilitates translation initiation of the viral open reading frame in a 5 (m 7 GpppN) cap-independent manner, and cis-acting signals for positive-strand RNA replication. For several enteroviruses, the 5 NTR has been shown to determine the virulence phenotype. We have constructed a chimera consisting of the putative IRES element from the Travis strain of echovirus 12 (ECV12), a wild-type, relatively nonvirulent human enterovirus, exchanged with the homologous region of a full-length infectious clone of coxsackievirus B3 (CBV3). The resulting chimera, known as ECV12(5NTR)CBV3, replicates similarly to CBV3 in human and simian cell lines yet, unlike CBV3, is completely restricted for growth on two primary murine cell lines at 37°C. By utilizing a reverse-genetics approach, the growth restriction phenotype was localized to the predicted stem-loop II within the IRES of ECV12. In addition, a revertant of ECV12(5NTR)CBV3 was isolated which possessed three transition mutations and had restored capability for replication in the utilized murine cell lines. Assays for cardiovirulence indicated that the ECV12 IRES is responsible for a noncardiovirulent phenotype in a murine model for acute myocarditis. The results indicate that the 5 NTRs of ECV12 and CBV3 exhibit variable intracellular requirements for function and serve as secondary determinants of tissue or species tropism.The Enterovirus genus within the family Picornaviridae contains human pathogens responsible for clinical syndromes involving multiple tissues and organ systems (reviewed in reference 37). The enteroviruses, like all members of the family Picornaviridae, are positive-stranded, nonenveloped RNA viruses which possess a characteristic icosahedral capsid. This genus is subdivided into five groups: the polioviruses, coxsackievirus groups A and B, echoviruses, and the numbered enteroviruses. The ϳ7.4-kb enterovirus genome is structurally similar to eukaryotic mRNA in several respects: a single open reading frame encoding structural and nonstructural proteins is flanked by 5Ј and 3Ј nontranslated regions (NTRs) and a 3Ј polyadenylated tail. The 5Ј NTR is highly structured, containing six predicted secondary structural domains, or stem-loops (SLs) (44, 52), and carries out functions crucial to the life cycle of the virus (2, 42). In addition, the 5Ј NTR has been shown to influence the virulence phenotypes of several enteroviruses (16,20,32,41). SL I, also known as the cloverleaf, within the poliovirus (PV) 5Ј NTR is a cis element essential for stimulation of positivesense RNA transcription (2, 3). A discontinuous region encompassing SLII through SLVI constitutes a complex element known as the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) (42). The IRES stimulates translation initiation of the open reading frame by a mechanism that is unlike that utilized by the majority of cellular mRNAs. Specifically, the enterovirus genome lacks a 5Ј (m 7 GpppN) cap structure (26, 40) whi...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

A Predicted Secondary Structural Domain within the Internal Ribosome Entry Site of Echovirus 12 Mediates a Cell-Type-Specific Block to Viral Replication

Bradrick

Lieben

Carden

et al. 2001

J Virol

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“…Unfortunately, the 5 0 -UTR of enteroviruses is classified into two major groups based on its primary structure, PV-like and CBV-like 5 0 -UTR. It was difficult to design one set of primers having the same high sensitivity for detection of all the enteroviruses [16,17]. A RT-LAMP system for rapid and highly sensitive detection of HEV-C strains including PV, directly from stool samples of acute flaccid paralysis patients have been reported [18].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) for Universal Detection of Enteroviruses

et al. 2013

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Enteroviruses are found in most environments and cause several diseases in humans. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) was adapted and evaluated for the rapid detection of enteroviruses. Based on the highly conserved 5 0 untranslated region (5 0 -UTR) of the human enteroviruses (HEVs), particularly human enterovirus A (HEV-A) and HEV-B, a set of universal primers was designed. The LAMP amplification was carried out under isothermal conditions at 61°C, depending on the template concentration results were obtained within 45-90 min. The detection limits were found to be 10 1 copies of cloned enterovirus 71 fragments, more sensitive than conventional PCR. Nine water samples collected from drinking water sources during three seasons and 19 stool specimens collected from HFMD patients were analyzed. By using the LAMP assay, the majority of samples was tested positive, 9/9 (100 %) and 18/19 (94.7 %), respectively. LAMP is a practical method for the rapid detection of enteroviruses in environmental and clinical samples.

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“…Despite distinct pathogenic profiles (the main clinical manifestation of PV infection is poliomyelitis, whereas most HEV-C are associated with upper respiratory infections), these viruses show surprising homogeneity at the sequence level. Sequence comparisons consistently yielded mixed clusters in which individual PV serotypes align more closely with certain HEV-C than with other PV types (4)(5)(6) and have provided evidence of intimate genetic intermingling between PV and HEV-C to the extent that it is impossible to distinguish whether sequences of PV nonstructural proteins originated from HEV-C or vice versa (6). The striking molecular similarity between PV and HEV-C has led to the suggestion that they be merged into a single EV species designation (6).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A nonpolio enterovirus with respiratory tropism causes poliomyelitis in intercellular adhesion molecule 1 transgenic mice

Dufresne

Gromeier

2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Coxsackievirus A21 (CAV21) is classified within the species Human enterovirus C (HEV-C) of the Enterovirus genus of picornaviruses. HEV-C share striking homology with the polioviruses (PV), their closest kin among the enteroviruses. Despite a high level of sequence identity, CAV21 and PV cause distinct clinical disease typically attributed to their differential use of host receptors. PV cause poliomyelitis, whereas CAV21 shares a receptor and a propensity to cause upper respiratory tract infections with the major group rhinoviruses. As a model for CAV21 infection, we have developed transgenic mice that express human intercellular adhesion molecule 1, the cell-surface receptor for CAV21. Surprisingly, CAV21 administered to these mice via the intramuscular route causes a paralytic condition consistent with poliomyelitis. The virus appears to invade the CNS by retrograde axonal transport, as has been demonstrated to occur in analogous PV infections. We detected human intercellular adhesion molecule 1 expression on both transgenic mouse and human spinal cord anterior horn motor neurons, indicating that members of HEV-C may share PV's potential to elicit poliomyelitis in humans.

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Genetic and phylogenetic clustering of enteroviruses

Cited by 172 publications

References 49 publications

A Predicted Secondary Structural Domain within the Internal Ribosome Entry Site of Echovirus 12 Mediates a Cell-Type-Specific Block to Viral Replication

A Predicted Secondary Structural Domain within the Internal Ribosome Entry Site of Echovirus 12 Mediates a Cell-Type-Specific Block to Viral Replication

Development of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) for Universal Detection of Enteroviruses

A nonpolio enterovirus with respiratory tropism causes poliomyelitis in intercellular adhesion molecule 1 transgenic mice

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