Genetic characterisation of the erythrocyte-binding protein ($$\hbox {Pk}{\upbeta }\hbox {II}$$) of Plasmodium knowlesi isolates from Malaysia

Fong, Mun Yik; Lau, Yee Ling; Jelip, Jenarun; Ooi, Choo Huck; Cheong, Fei Wen

doi:10.1007/s12041-019-1109-y

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Malaysia 2 distinct geographical clusters between Pen. Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo Fong et al (2019) [ 151 ] Erythrocyte-binding protein region 2 ( pkβII ) Erythrocyte invasion Pen. Malaysia, Malaysian Borneo H 65 Purifying selection 2 distinct geographical clusters between Pen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, most of the P. knowlesi protein-coding genes, particularly those related to erythrocyte invasion, are experiencing purifying (negative) selection [ 137 , 140 , 147 , 151 , 166 – 168 ] that leads to the selective removal of deleterious alleles or less well-adapted variants, thus increases the frequency of the best-adapted beneficial variants within the parasite population [ 169 ]. Purifying selection may be an implication of functional constraints, in which the encoded proteins are prevented from losing their native functions in the course of evolution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plasmodium knowlesi: the game changer for malaria eradication

Lee

Cheong

Amir

et al. 2022

Malar J

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Plasmodium knowlesi is a zoonotic malaria parasite that has gained increasing medical interest over the past two decades. This zoonotic parasitic infection is prevalent in Southeast Asia and causes many cases with fulminant pathology. Despite several biogeographical restrictions that limit its distribution, knowlesi malaria cases have been reported in different parts of the world due to travelling and tourism activities. Here, breakthroughs and key information generated from recent (over the past five years, but not limited to) studies conducted on P. knowlesi were reviewed, and the knowledge gap in various research aspects that need to be filled was discussed. Besides, challenges and strategies required to control and eradicate human malaria with this emerging and potentially fatal zoonosis were described.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmodium knowlesi: the game changer for malaria eradication

Lee

Cheong

Amir

et al. 2022

Malar J

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“…The nucleotide diversity of pkmsp-1 (π = 0.026) was higher when compared to the other genes encoding invasion-related proteins of P. knowlesi , such as pktrap (π = 0.009) [ 44 ], pkama-1 (π = 0.004) [ 45 ], pkβII (Peninsular Malaysia: π = 0.015, Malaysian Borneo: π = 0.007) [ 46 ], PkγII (π = 0.019) [ 47 ], pkdbpαII (π = 0.013) [ 48 ], pktramp (π = 0.009) [ 49 ], pkspatr (π = 0.0146) [ 50 ], and pkrap1 ( π = 0.0167) [ 51 ]. The extensive sequence polymorphism in the four polymorphic blocks of pkmsp-1 could play a role in causing the vast difference in overall nucleotide diversity, if not the differences in gene size.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inter-Population Genetic Diversity and Clustering of Merozoite Surface Protein-1 (pkmsp-1) of Plasmodium knowlesi Isolates from Malaysia and Thailand

et al. 2023

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The genetic diversity of pkmsp-1 of Malaysian Plasmodium knowlesi isolates was studied recently. However, the study only included three relatively older strains from Peninsular Malaysia and focused mainly on the conserved blocks of this gene. In this study, the full-length pkmsp-1 sequence of recent P. knowlesi isolates from Peninsular Malaysia was characterized, along with Malaysian Borneo and Thailand pkmsp-1 sequences that were retrieved from GenBank. Genomic DNA of P. knowlesi was extracted from human blood specimens and the pkmsp-1 gene was PCR-amplified, cloned, and sequenced. The sequences were analysed for genetic diversity, departure from neutrality, and geographical clustering. The pkmsp-1 gene was found to be under purifying/negative selection and grouped into three clusters via a neighbour-joining tree and neighbour net inferences. Of the four polymorphic blocks in pkmsp-1, block IV, was most polymorphic, with the highest insertion–deletion (indel) sites. Two allelic families were identified in block IV, thereby highlighting the importance of this block as a promising genotyping marker for the multiplicity of infection study of P. knowlesi malaria. A single locus marker may provide an alternate, simpler method to type P. knowlesi in a population.

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“…The new reference genomes will, for the first time, provide insight into clinically relevant contemporary P. knowlesi parasites. These diverse parasites are essentially wild-type and the product of ongoing mosquito transmission and recombination in nature ( Assefa et al, 2015 ; Pinheiro et al, 2015 ; Divis et al, 2018 ; Ahmed and Quan, 2019 ; Fong et al, 2019 ). The genomes will offer a valuable resource not only for our studies on members of the SICAvar gene family and virulence but also to the wider malaria research community working on comparative biology of malaria parasites, drug discovery, and vaccine development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

De Novo Assembly of Plasmodium knowlesi Genomes From Clinical Samples Explains the Counterintuitive Intrachromosomal Organization of Variant SICAvar and kir Multiple Gene Family Members

et al. 2022

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Plasmodium knowlesi, a malaria parasite of Old World macaque monkeys, is used extensively to model Plasmodium biology. Recently, P. knowlesi was found in the human population of Southeast Asia, particularly Malaysia. P. knowlesi causes uncomplicated to severe and fatal malaria in the human host with features in common with the more prevalent and virulent malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. As such, P. knowlesi presents a unique opportunity to develop experimental translational model systems for malaria pathophysiology informed by clinical data from same-species human infections. Experimental lines of P. knowlesi represent well-characterized genetically stable parasites, and to maximize their utility as a backdrop for understanding malaria pathophysiology, genetically diverse contemporary clinical isolates, essentially wild-type, require comparable characterization. The Oxford Nanopore PCR-free long-read sequencing platform was used to sequence and de novo assemble P. knowlesi genomes from frozen clinical samples. The sequencing platform and assembly pipelines were designed to facilitate capturing data and describing, for the first time, P. knowlesi schizont-infected cell agglutination (SICA) var and Knowlesi-Interspersed Repeats (kir) multiple gene families in parasites acquired from nature. The SICAvar gene family members code for antigenically variant proteins analogous to the virulence-associated P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein (PfEMP1) multiple var gene family. Evidence presented here suggests that the SICAvar family members have arisen through a process of gene duplication, selection pressure, and variation. Highly evolving genes including PfEMP1family members tend to be restricted to relatively unstable sub-telomeric regions that drive change with core genes protected in genetically stable intrachromosomal locations. The comparable SICAvar and kir gene family members are counter-intuitively located across chromosomes. Here, we demonstrate that, in contrast to conserved core genes, SICAvar and kir genes occupy otherwise gene-sparse chromosomal locations that accommodate rapid evolution and change. The novel methods presented here offer the malaria research community not only new tools to generate comprehensive genome sequence data from small clinical samples but also new insight into the complexity of clinically important real-world parasites.

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Genetic characterisation of the erythrocyte-binding protein ($$\hbox {Pk}{\upbeta }\hbox {II}$$) of Plasmodium knowlesi isolates from Malaysia

Cited by 6 publications

References 17 publications

Plasmodium knowlesi: the game changer for malaria eradication

Plasmodium knowlesi: the game changer for malaria eradication

Inter-Population Genetic Diversity and Clustering of Merozoite Surface Protein-1 (pkmsp-1) of Plasmodium knowlesi Isolates from Malaysia and Thailand

De Novo Assembly of Plasmodium knowlesi Genomes From Clinical Samples Explains the Counterintuitive Intrachromosomal Organization of Variant SICAvar and kir Multiple Gene Family Members

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