Genetic characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from Beira, Mozambique

Rapid Spread and Genetic Diversification of HIV Type 1 Subtype C in a Rural Area of Southern Mozambique

“…14,15 Overall, these results indicate that the HIV-1 epidemic in Mozambique is quite homogeneous with regard to subtype since it is composed almost exclusively of clade C viruses. This is similar to the situation found in neighboring countries such as South Africa, but different from countries such as Tanzania that also have A and D viruses circulating.…”

“…14,15 Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize the HIV-1 epidemic at a molecular level in women from a rural area of southern Mozambique and to assess viral genetic diversity in 1999 and in 2004.…”

“…Although the prevalence of polymorphisms is higher than that described for subtype B viruses, these results are consistent with the high prevalence described in two studies conducted in Mozambique and with other studies performed on non-B clades. 10,14,15,37,38 The implications of a high prevalence of secondary resistance mutations in subtype C are not known, although the mutation at M36 in the B clade has been associated with greater risk of virological failure and with the appearance of the major resistance mutation L90M. 12,39 The prediction of CCR5 or CXCR4 receptor usage based on the net charge of the V3 loop and the presence of the GPGQ crown indicated that most viruses in this study potentially used CCR5, with 13% potentially displaying X4 or mixed R5X4 usage.…”

“…14 The second study performed genetic characterization of HIV-1 circulating in Beira, a central region of the country. 15 Both studies determined that subtype C was the dominant HIV-1 subtype. However, in Mozambique longitudinal studies analyzing HIV-1 genetic diversification and evolution are lacking.…”

Different Effects of Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Resistance Mutations on Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Recognition between HIV-1 Subtype B and Subtype A/E Infections

“…Drug treatment often increases the risk of subsequent transmission of drug resistance in new cases of an HIV infection. The Y181C mutation was also reported in treatment-naive individuals among different cohorts (see Table S1 in the supplemental material) at 2.3% (1/43), 1.1% (1/91), 0.6% (1/156), 3.0% (3/101), and 1.6% (2/129) of treatment-naive subtype C-infected individuals in Mozambique (42), in South India (43), in KwaZulu-Natal Provinces in South Africa (44), in Tanzania (45), and in China (46), respectively, and 0.43% of 1,389 treatment-naive individuals in southern Vietnam, where subtype A/E virus was the most prevalent subtype (47). The Y181C mutation or the Y181C/I mutation was detected in 0.4%, 0.3% (1/303), 0.2% (4/2,655), and 1.8% (6/336) of treatment-naive individuals in northern Poland (48), Brazil (49), Mexico (50), and Hondurans (51), respectively, where subtype B was the most prevalent.…”