Genetic characterization of Plasmodium vivax in the Kyrgyz Republic

Genetic diversity and molecular evolution of Plasmodium vivax Duffy Binding Protein and Merozoite Surface Protein-1 in northwestern Thailand

“…Haplotype D7 was predominant with 20 genetically identical isolates, while haplotypes with P01 reference (D1) were at a frequency of 0.029, including 2 isolates ( Supplementary File 2: Table S3 ). Ten of fifteen pvdbp II haplotypes were shared globally, including Latin and South America, Central Asia, and Oceania ( Almeida-de-Oliveira et al, 2020a ; Cole-Tobian et al, 2002 ; Gonzalez-Ceron et al, 2015 ; Goryacheva et al, 2018 ; Shi et al, 2021 ). The distribution of these haplotypes in 5 P. vivax endemic regions revealed that these areas shared at least one northwestern Thailand haplotype.…”

“…Homologous DNA sequences from different parasite populations were retrieved from the NCBI Genbank to compare genetic diversity between northwestern Thailand and global isolates. pvdbp II : For Brazil ( n = 137, MN223747–MN223883) ( Almeida-de-Oliveira et al, 2020a ), China ( n = 124, MZ765947–MZ766070) ( Shi et al, 2021 ), Papua New Guinea ( n = 88, AF469515–AF469602) ( Cole-Tobian et al, 2002 ), Mexico ( n = 35, KP759780–KP759814) ( Gonzalez-Ceron et al, 2015 ), and Kyrgyz Republic ( n = 21, MK014215–MK014235) ( Goryacheva et al, 2018 ). pvmsp1 42kDa : For Brazil ( n = 122, MT074744–MT074865) ( Almeida-de-Oliveira et al, 2020b ), Mexico ( n = 163, OL411675–OL411837) ( Flores-Alanis et al, 2022 ), Indonesia ( n = 52, MK733842–MK733893) ( Murhandarwati et al, 2020 ), Nicaragua ( n = 92, KR871926–KR872017) ( Gutierrez et al, 2016 ), and Cambodia ( n = 44, JX461286–JX461295, JX461297–JX461298, JX461300–JX461310, JX461312–JX461317, and JX461319–JX461333) ( Parobek et al, 2014 ).…”

Global distribution of single amino acid polymorphisms in Plasmodium vivax Duffy-binding-like domain and implications for vaccine development efforts

“…Kyrgyz Republic from central Asia certified malaria free in 2016 by WHO, also displayed a very unique SAAP profile (figure 16 a , b ). Within the 16 sequenced samples, only three major SAAPs were found to occur—D339G, R345H and I458K—resulting in a unique haplotype which reveals much lower Pv DBL polymorphism in the Kyrgyz Republic as compared to other geographical regions [42].

Figure 16( a ) Graph showing Pv DBL SAAP profile within Kyrgyz Republic.

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“…In regions where Pv is endemic, naturally acquired immune responses against PvDBL are associated with reduced risk of parasitaemia and lower Pv invasion into host RBCs-thus making PvDBL a domain of interest [33][34][35]. Despite this, one of the major impediments for successful vaccine design to enable global protection is the extensive polymorphic nature of PvDBP-especially of PvDBL, which potentially indicates strategies of evasion from host immune responses [6,7,13,[36][37][38][39][40][41][42]. Some of the polymorphisms in PvDBL cause antigenic drift and hence are responsible for strain-specific immune responses [43].…”

Alternative Invasion Mechanisms and Host Immune Response to Plasmodium vivax Malaria: Trends and Future Directions

“…Genes associated with erythrocyte binding such as Duffy binding protein (PvDBP), erythrocyte binding protein (PvEBP), reticulocyte binding protein (PvRBP), merozoite surface protein (PvMSP), apical membrane antigen 1 (PvAMA1), and tryptophan-rich antigen genes (PvTRAg) families are highly diverse in P. vivax from Africa and Southeast Asia [24][25][26][27][28]. These genes have been shown to play a role in reticulocyte invasion [24,28] and patient antigenicity [29,30], and provide explanations to high levels of selection detected at the genome levels in P. vivax from South Korea [31], Kyrgyz Republic [32], New Guinea [33], and Thailand [34]. Proteins such as RBP, TRAg, anchored micronemal antigen (GAMA), and Rhoptry neck protein (RON) have been suggested to play a role in red cell invasion, especially in low-density infections [35][36][37][38][39].…”