Genetic, clinical, and biochemical aspects of patients with Alzheimer disease

Abstract

Background The most common form of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The clinical manifestations of AD are loss of memory that is progressive and deterioration in cognitive function. The objective of this study is to find patterns of AD among patients regarding clinical aspects, psychological aspects, and laboratory aspects, as well as to determine the role of some genes (APOE1, APOE2, and TMEM106B) in the pathogenesis of AD. In this case–control study, 40 patients with AD were recruited from the inpatient neurology departments and outpatient neurology clinics of the university hospitals in the period of January 1 to December 31, 2017. Furthermore, 40 cross-matched control patients underwent a complete history taking, neurological examination, brain MRI or CT, psychometric tests, thyroid function, and lipid profile measurements. Extracted DNA was quantified using a nanodrop analyzer (ND-1OOO) spectrophotometer for TMEM106B (rs1990622), APOE2 (rs429358), and APOE1 (rs7412). Results All subtypes of lipid profiles were significantly higher in patients with AD than the controls. There was a significant difference between the two groups regarding TMEM106B. There was an insignificant difference regarding thyroid hormones T3, T4, and TSH between patients and controls. There was no significant difference between AD patients and the control group regarding APOE-1 and APOE-2. Patients were worse than controls in tests of cognition, such as The Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI) and auditory number and letter span test. In addition, AD patients had more depression than controls. Conclusion There may be a significant role of a high lipid profile and TMEM106B expression in the pathogenesis of AD.

Safety and efficacy of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…It has been observed that the level of acetylcholine is decreased in patients with AD. [50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65] Therefore, drugs that can increase acetylcholine levels are useful in the management of patients with AD. Regulatory authorities across the globe have approved acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of patients with AD.…”

NHANES 2011–2014 Reveals Decreased Cognitive Performance in U.S. Older Adults with Metabolic Syndrome Combinations

“…Cognitive impairment (CI) is a multifactorial entity caused by genetic, environmental, and biological factors interacting differently in each individual [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Several clinical, pathological [ 4 , 5 ], and biomarkers studies [ 6 ] have suggested that specific individuals may show signs of CI while others remain asymptomatic regardless of having similar disease severity.…”

Analyzing of Alzheimer’s Disease Based on Biomedical and Socio-Economic Approach Using Molecular Communication, Artificial Neural Network, and Random Forest Models

“…Manual work, especially when it includes the creation of commodities, has been linked to an increased risk of clinical Alzheimer's disease [31]. There are also studies about risk factors, pathogenesis, and structural and functional changes associated with neurodegeneration in AD [32][33][34], the genetic, clinical, and biochemical data of individual patients [35], searching for peripheral biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases [36] and gut microbiota regulation and their implication in the development of neurodegenerative disease [37,38]. In [39], the pathophysiological basis and biomarkers of AD pathology, and molecular signs of neural inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases are investigated.…”