Genetic control of 3-hydroxy- and 3-deoxy- flavonoids in Zea mays

Styles, E. D.; Ceska, Oldriska

doi:10.1016/0031-9422(75)85101-6

Cited by 47 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…However, in the absence of the F3ЈH activity encoded by TT7, pelargonidin anthocyanidins accumulate, indicating that Arabidopsis DFR has the capability to utilize DHK as a substrate. The expression of A1 in the tt7 mutants results in a further increase in the accumulation of pelargonidin-derived pigments, consistent with the findings in maize plants (Styles and Ceska, 1975), maize BMS cells (Fig. 3A), and petunia flowers (Forkmann and Ruhnau, 1987) that this enzyme can utilize DHK as a substrate.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Functional Conservation of Plant Secondary Metabolic Enzymes Revealed by Complementation of Arabidopsis Flavonoid Mutants with Maize Genes

2001

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Mutations in the transparent testa (tt) loci abolish pigment production in Arabidopsis seed coats. The TT4, TT5, and TT3 loci encode chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase, and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, respectively, which are essential for anthocyanin accumulation and may form a macromolecular complex. Here, we show that the products of the maize (Zea mays) C2, CHI1, and A1 genes complement Arabidopsis tt4, tt5, and tt3 mutants, restoring the ability of these mutants to accumulate pigments in seed coats and seedlings. Overexpression of the maize genes in wild-type Arabidopsis seedlings does not result in increased anthocyanin accumulation, suggesting that the steps catalyzed by these enzymes are not rate limiting in the conditions assayed. The expression of the maize A1 gene in the flavonoid 3Ј hydroxylase Arabidopsis tt7 mutant resulted in an increased accumulation of pelargonidin. We conclude that enzymes involved in secondary metabolism can be functionally exchangeable between plants separated by large evolutionary distances. This is in sharp contrast to the notion that the more relaxed selective constrains to which secondary metabolic pathways are subjected is responsible for the rapid divergence of the corresponding enzymes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Functional Conservation of Plant Secondary Metabolic Enzymes Revealed by Complementation of Arabidopsis Flavonoid Mutants with Maize Genes

2001

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“…Among the flavonoid pigments, red, purple, or blue anthocyanins are ubiquitously distributed in the flowering plants and furnish one of the best-described plant biosynthetic pathways (Grotewold, 2006). In addition, the maize seed also accumulates brick-red phlobaphene pigments that result from polymerization of flavan-4-ols (Styles and Ceska, 1975, 1977, first identified in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor; Bate-Smith, 1969) and also present in wheat (Triticum aestivum), where they participate in the control of preharvest germination (Flintham, 2000). In maize, the phlobaphene pigments accumulate most conspicuously in floral organs, including the cob glumes and the pericarp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phlobaphenes result from the polymerization of the 3-deoxyflavonoids luteoforol or apiforol (Figure 1), and their accumulation is controlled by the product of the Pericarp Color1 (P1) locus (Styles and Ceska, 1975), encoding an R2R3-MYB transcription factor (Grotewold et al, 1994). Alleles of P1 can pigment red the pericarp and the cob glumes (P1-rr, for red pericarp and red cob), only the cob glumes (P1-wr, for white pericarp and red cob), or neither one (P1-ww, for white pericarp and white cob).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Genome-Wide Regulatory Framework Identifies Maize Pericarp Color1 Controlled Genes

Morohashi¹,

et al. 2012

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Pericarp Color1 (P1) encodes an R2R3-MYB transcription factor responsible for the accumulation of insecticidal flavones in maize (Zea mays) silks and red phlobaphene pigments in pericarps and other floral tissues, which makes P1 an important visual marker. Using genome-wide expression analyses (RNA sequencing) in pericarps and silks of plants with contrasting P1 alleles combined with chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with high-throughput sequencing, we show here that the regulatory functions of P1 are much broader than the activation of genes corresponding to enzymes in a branch of flavonoid biosynthesis. P1 modulates the expression of several thousand genes, and ;1500 of them were identified as putative direct targets of P1. Among them, we identified F2H1, corresponding to a P450 enzyme that converts naringenin into 2-hydroxynaringenin, a key branch point in the P1-controlled pathway and the first step in the formation of insecticidal C-glycosyl flavones. Unexpectedly, the binding of P1 to gene regulatory regions can result in both gene activation and repression. Our results indicate that P1 is the major regulator for a set of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and a minor modulator of the expression of a much larger gene set that includes genes involved in primary metabolism and production of other specialized compounds.

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“…support, but not prove, a recessive bpl allele in GT1 19. Alternatively, variation in activity level at this locus, not necessarily resulting in the brown color, could be responsible for the quantitative effect.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on our current understanding, maysin synthesis requires or is enhanced by appropriate alleles at pl and at the structural genes c2 or whpl, encoding chalcone synthase (16,17); one of the chi loci encoding chalcone isomerase (18); prl and/or other genes controlling the 3'-hydroxylation of the flavonoid B-ring (19); al, at which the homozygous recessive condition increases C-glycosyl flavone concentration (20); and unidentified loci that affect the steps leading from flavanone to maysin (21). We hypothesized that several other loci involved in the synthesis of flavonoids or related compounds might also influence maysin levels, although their patterns of expression in silk tissue are not well characterized.…”

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confidence: 99%

Quantitative trait loci and metabolic pathways: genetic control of the concentration of maysin, a corn earworm resistance factor, in maize silks.

Byrne

McMullen²,

Snook³

et al. 1996

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

187

139

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Interpretation of quantitative trait locus (QTL) studies of agronomic traits is limited by lack of knowledge of biochemical pathways leading to trait expression. To more fully elucidate the biological significance of detected QTL, we chose a trait that is the product of a well-characterized pathway, namely the concentration of maysin, a C-glycosyl flavone, in silks of maize, Zea mays L. Maysin is a host-plant resistance factor against the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). We determined silk maysin concentrations and restriction fragment length polymorphism genotypes at flavonoid pathway loci or linked markers for 285 F2 plants derived from the cross of lines GT114 and GT119.Single-factor analysis of variance indicated that the p1 region on chromosome 1 accounted for 58.0%o of the phenotypic variance and showed additive gene action. The pi locus is a transcription activator for portions of the flavonoid pathway. A second QTL, represented by marker umclO5a near the brown pericarpi locus on chromosome 9, accounted for 10.8% of the variance. Gene action of this region was dominant for low maysin, but was only expressed in the presence of a functional pi allele. The model explaining the greatest proportion of phenotypic variance (75.9%) included pi, umclOSa, umcl66b (chromosome 1), ri (chromosome 10), and two epistatic interaction terms, pi x umclO5a and pi x ri. Our results provide evidence that regulatory loci have a central role and that there is a complex interplay among different branches of the flavonoid pathway in the expression of this trait.Development of molecular-marker linkage maps in many species facilitates the identification of chromosome regions associated with variation in quantitative traits (1). By dissecting the continuous phenotypic variation typical of many traits into contributions from discrete genetic factors, quantitative trait locus (QTL) studies provide insights into trait inheritance and genome organization, and often are sufficient to initiate marker-assisted selection. However, the biological interpretation of QTL data is generally limited by lack of knowledge of the genetics, biochemistry, and physiology underlying trait expression. To advance the level of QTL interpretation, we analyzed variation in an economically important trait that is determined by a well-characterized genetic and biochemical pathway.The corn earworm (CEW) is a major silk-and kernelfeeding insect pest of maize in the United States and parts of Latin America (2, 3). Host-plant resistance to CEW results from both antibiosis due to chemical factors in silks (stylar/ stigmatic tissue), and morphological features such as tight covering of the ear by husk leaves (4). Understanding of the nature of antibiosis to CEW was advanced when maysin (Fig. 1), a C-glycosyl flavone that inhibits CEW larval growth, was isolated from silks of the Mexican maize landrace "Zapalote Chico" (5). Later, Wiseman et al. (6) found a highly significant relationship between increased silk maysin concentration and reduced earworm ...

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Genetic control of 3-hydroxy- and 3-deoxy- flavonoids in Zea mays

Cited by 47 publications

References 4 publications

Functional Conservation of Plant Secondary Metabolic Enzymes Revealed by Complementation of Arabidopsis Flavonoid Mutants with Maize Genes

Functional Conservation of Plant Secondary Metabolic Enzymes Revealed by Complementation of Arabidopsis Flavonoid Mutants with Maize Genes

A Genome-Wide Regulatory Framework Identifies Maize Pericarp Color1 Controlled Genes

Quantitative trait loci and metabolic pathways: genetic control of the concentration of maysin, a corn earworm resistance factor, in maize silks.

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