Abstract. Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are slowly dividing cells that undergo self-renewal division to support spermatogenesis. Although the effects of genetic background in stem cell self-renewal have been well studied in hematopoietic stem cells, little is known about its effect on stem cells in other self-renewing tissues, including SSCs. To examine whether genetic factors are involved in regulation of SSC self-renewal, we first studied spermatogenesis in different inbred mouse strains (C57BL/6, DBA/2, AKR, BALB/C and C3H) after chemical damage caused by busulfan. Spermatogenesis in the DBA/2 and AKR strains was relatively resistant to busulfan treatment, whereas spermatogenesis was diminished in C57BL/6 mice and nearly ablated in C3H and BALB/C mice. Serial germ cell transplantation experiments provided functional evidence that SSCs with the DBA/2 background expanded more rapidly than those with the B6 background. Finally, we also employed the Germline Stem (GS) cell culture technique to examine the self-renewal activity in vitro. Although genetic manipulation of GS cells has been limited to those from the DBA/2 background, we produced transgenic offspring of the C3H background by electroporation of GS cells with a plasmid vector. Our results underscore the importance of genetic factors in SSC self-renewal. Furthermore, application of genetic modification techniques to GS cells with non-DBA/2 backgrounds extends the potential of a SSC-based approach in male germline modification. Key words: Germ cell transplantation, Germline stem cell, Spermatogonial stem cell (J. Reprod. Dev. 56: [145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152][153] 2010) tem cells are a unique population of cells with self-renewal activity. A single stem cell can proliferate to make two stem cells (self-renewal division), one stem cell and one differentiating cell (asymmetric division) or two differentiating cells (differentiating division) [1]. The mode of stem cell replication is altered by environmental factors. For example, stem cells have the potential to regenerate an entire organ following damage by chemicals or radiation treatment. In such cases, it is thought that the number of stem cells is initially increased by self-renewing division, followed by gradual production of differentiated cells by asymmetric division. Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are the only type of stem cells that have germline potential [1,2]. Like stem cells in other self-renewing tissues, SSCs can regenerate spermatogenesis after chemical treatment [3][4][5] or after germ cell transplantation [6]. SSCs migrate into empty niches to reinitiate spermatogenesis following their microinjection into seminiferous tubules. During the first several weeks, SSCs expand on the basal membrane to form patches or networks of spermatogonia, and these cells eventually produce differentiated sperm several months after transplantation [7]. However, the mechanisms by which SSCs regulate selfrenewal and differentiation remain uncertain.In 2003, we reported a culture method to exp...