Genetic correlations between gut microbiota genera and Alzheimer’s Disease

Abstract

Background: A growing body of evidence suggests that dysbiosis of the human gut microbiota is associated with neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimers disease (AD) via neuroinflammatory processes across the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA). The gut microbiota affects brain health through the secretion of toxins and short-chain fatty acids, which modulates gut permeability and numerous immune functions. Observational studies indicate that AD patients have reduced microbiome diversity, which could contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. Uncovering the genetic basis of microbial abundance and its effect on AD could suggest lifestyle changes that may reduce an individuals risk for the disease. Methods: Using the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) of gut microbiota genera from the MiBioGen consortium, we conducted the best-fit model from PRSice-2 to determine the genetic correlation between 119 genera and AD in a discovery sample (case/control: 1,278/1,293); we then replicated our findings in an independent sample (case/control: 799/778) and further performed meta-analyses to confirm the correlation. Finally, we conducted a linear regression to assess the correlation between the PRSs for the significant genera and the APOE genotype. Results: In the discovery sample, 20 gut microbiota genera were initially identified as genetically associated with AD case/control status. Three genera (Eubacterium fissicatena as a protective factor, Collinsella and Veillonella as a risk factor) were validated in the replication sample. Meta-analysis confirmed nine genera to have a significant correlation with AD, three of which were significantly associated with the APOE rs429358 risk allele in a direction consistent with their protective/risk designation in AD association. Notably, the proinflammatory genus Collinsella, identified as a risk factor for AD, was positively correlated with the APOE rs429358 risk allele in both samples. Conclusion: Host genetic factors influencing the abundance of nine genera are significantly associated with AD, suggesting that these genera may serve as biomarkers and targets for AD treatment and intervention. Our results highlight that proinflammatory gut microbiota might promote AD development through interaction with APOE. Larger datasets and functional studies are required to understand their causal relationships.

The causal role of gut microbiota in susceptibility of Long COVID: a Mendelian randomization study

“…We also found that genetic prediction of genus Eisenbergiella was associated with a decreased risk of Long COVID. Eisenbergiella has been identified as harboring species capable of metabolizing the SCFA butyrate derived from dietary carbohydrates (Amir et al, 2014;Togo et al, 2016;Cammann et al, 2023). Butyrate, a prominent SCFA metabolite in the colon, has been suggested as a key mediator in the inflammatory response within the colon.…”

Gut microbiota and risk of endocarditis: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study

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The relationship between gender differences in dietary habits, neuroinflammation, and Alzheimer’s disease

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“…An imbalance of microbial diversity, or dysbiosis, can affect brain health via the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) through the secretion of toxins, cytokines, and short-chain fatty acids which in turn, affect gut permeability, immune response, and blood brain barrier integrity (Cammann et al, 2023). Growing evidence indicates that bacteria in the gut can release lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and amyloids that trigger microglial activation in the brain, which promote upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and the culmination of neuroinflammation related to AD pathogenesis (Cammann et al, 2023). Due to the bidirectional nature of the MGBA, directly via the vagus nerve and indirectly via metabolites, inflammation in the periphery can translate to the CNS and contrarywise (Jamar et al, 2021).…”