Genetic Dissection of Primary and Secondary Responses to a Widespread Natural Pathogen of the Gut,<i>Eimeria vermiformis</i>

Smith, Adrian L.; Hayday, Adrian

doi:10.1128/iai.68.11.6273-6280.2000

Cited by 51 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Eimeria species are host-specific parasites and cause enteric coccidiosis in a wide spectrum of vertebrates (23). E. vermiformis invades the small intestinal enterocytes of the mouse and is effectively controlled by a Th1-type protective immune response brought about by IFN-␥-producing, MHC class II-restricted CD4 ϩ T cells (24). Our results demonstrate that PP influence the efficiency of Th1 induction in the MLN and that coordinated PPand MLN-mediated immune responses are required to provide rapid and effective immunity against gut infection.…”

Section: T He Gastrointestinal (Gi)mentioning

confidence: 73%

“…Immunity to primary infection with E. vermiformis is entirely dependent on the production of IFN-␥ by MHC class II-restricted CD4 ϩ T cells (24) and the increased susceptibility of LT-deficient mice can be explained by a delayed induction of Th1-type immune responses. Peak numbers of E. vermiformis in the gut are produced around 7-8 DPI and IFN-␥, a key component in the control of infection (24), was up-regulated too late to affect parasite replication in the small intestine of LT␣ Ϫ/Ϫ mice.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Peak numbers of E. vermiformis in the gut are produced around 7-8 DPI and IFN-␥, a key component in the control of infection (24), was up-regulated too late to affect parasite replication in the small intestine of LT␣ Ϫ/Ϫ mice. Resistance to infection increased with the presence of organized MLN as seen in LT␣ ϩ/Ϫ ␤ ϩ/Ϫ mice but the lack of PP rendered them more susceptible than intact B6 mice.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Peyer’s Patches Are Required for the Induction of Rapid Th1 Responses in the Gut and Mesenteric Lymph Nodes during an Enteric Infection

Kwa

Beverley

Smith³

2006

The Journal of Immunology

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The Peyer’s patches (PP) and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) are structural components of the gut-associated lymphoid tissues and contribute to the induction of immune responses toward infection in the gastrointestinal tract. These secondary lymphoid organs provide structural organization for efficient cellular interactions and the initiation of primary adaptive immune responses against infection. Immunity against primary infection with the enteric apicomplexan parasite, Eimeria vermiformis, depends on the rapid induction of local Th1 responses. Lymphotoxin (LT)-deficient mice which have various defects in secondary lymphoid organs were infected with E. vermiformis. The relative susceptibility of LTα−/−, LTβ−/−, LTα+/−β+/− mice and bone marrow chimeras, indicated that rapid protective Th1 responses required both PP and MLN. Moreover, the timing of Th1 induction in both MLN and gut was dependent on the presence of PP suggesting a level of cooperation between immune responses induced in these distinct lymphoid structures. The delay in Th1 induction was attributable to the delayed arrival of a broad range of dendritic cell subsets in the MLN and a substantial reduction of CD8α−CD11bhigh B220− dendritic cells in PP-deficient mice.

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Section: T He Gastrointestinal (Gi)mentioning

confidence: 73%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Peyer’s Patches Are Required for the Induction of Rapid Th1 Responses in the Gut and Mesenteric Lymph Nodes during an Enteric Infection

Kwa

Beverley

Smith³

2006

The Journal of Immunology

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“…The relatively short and apparently self-limiting in vivo Eimeria lifecycle also is likely to reduce the magnitude of antigen-specific immune selection. Prepatent periods define each Eimeria species with limited variation between strains, even when replicating in immunocompromised hosts such as MHC class I or II −/− knockout mice (11,44). For E. tenella, microscopy-led studies have consistently identified three rounds of asexual replication before differentiation into gametocytes (45).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population, genetic, and antigenic diversity of the apicomplexanEimeria tenellaand their relevance to vaccine development

Blake

Clark

Macdonald

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

105

102

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The phylum Apicomplexa includes serious pathogens of humans and animals. Understanding the distribution and population structure of these protozoan parasites is of fundamental importance to explain disease epidemiology and develop sustainable controls. Predicting the likely efficacy and longevity of subunit vaccines in field populations relies on knowledge of relevant preexisting antigenic diversity, population structure, the likelihood of coinfection by genetically distinct strains, and the efficiency of cross-fertilization. All four of these factors have been investigated for Plasmodium species parasites, revealing both clonal and panmictic population structures with exceptional polymorphism associated with immunoprotective antigens such as apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1). For the coccidian Toxoplasma gondii only genomic diversity and population structure have been defined in depth so far; for the closely related Eimeria species, all four variables are currently unknown. Using Eimeria tenella, a major cause of the enteric disease coccidiosis, which exerts a profound effect on chicken productivity and welfare, we determined population structure, genotype distribution, and likelihood of crossfertilization during coinfection and also investigated the extent of naturally occurring antigenic diversity for the E. tenella AMA1 homolog. Using genome-wide Sequenom SNP-based haplotyping, targeted sequencing, and single-cell genotyping, we show that in this coccidian the functionality of EtAMA1 appears to outweigh immune evasion. This result is in direct contrast to the situation in Plasmodium and most likely is underpinned by the biology of the direct and acute coccidian life cycle in the definitive host.Eimeria | coccidiosis | population structure | chickens | food security

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“…Detailed mechanisms of the innate immunity against Eimeria infection are still unknown. However, IFN-γ and NK cells known as a source of IFN-γ have been indicated to play a protective role in innate and adaptive immunity to Eimeria and Cryptosporidium infections (Barakat et al 2009, Pogonka et al 2010, Rose et al 1989, Rose et al 1984, Schito and Barta 1997, Smith and Hayday 2000. In the experiment using beige mice, it was shown by the obvious increase in their mortality rate that the NK cell is important in resistance to a primary infection of E. krijgsmanni.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Host specificity and in vivo infectivities of the mouse coccidian parasites Eimeria krijgsmanni

Hashimoto

Tanaka

Matsubayashi

et al. 2014

Acta Parasitologica

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In the present study, infection experiments of E. krijgsmanni using various hosts were conducted to elucidate the host specificity among some animals and the infectivity to mouse strains. According to the results, the infection was not found in most animals, except for rats, in which some oocyst shedding was detected, and there was no significant difference in infectivity among mouse strains. Additionally, oocyst shedding was hardly detectable in a secondary infection to immunocompetent mice, although it was found in immunodeficient mice. These results indicated that only immunocompetent mice could develop adaptive immunity against reinfection by stimuli of the primary infection. Furthermore, the infection experiments were performed with splenic macrophage (Mφ)-depleted mice with a reagent and Beige (Bg) mice known to be a strain of mice with low NK cell activity. No significant effect was found in primary or secondary infections in the Mφ-depleted mice, whereas the mortality rate was clearly increased in Bg mice inoculated with a large number of oocysts. Their oocyst shedding was similar to that of immunocompetent hosts. Taken together, these results suggested that Mφ has only a minor role in the immune response, but the NK cell has an important function in resistance to primary infection of E. krijgsmanni.

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Genetic Dissection of Primary and Secondary Responses to a Widespread Natural Pathogen of the Gut,Eimeria vermiformis

Cited by 51 publications

References 58 publications

Peyer’s Patches Are Required for the Induction of Rapid Th1 Responses in the Gut and Mesenteric Lymph Nodes during an Enteric Infection

Peyer’s Patches Are Required for the Induction of Rapid Th1 Responses in the Gut and Mesenteric Lymph Nodes during an Enteric Infection

Population, genetic, and antigenic diversity of the apicomplexanEimeria tenellaand their relevance to vaccine development

Host specificity and in vivo infectivities of the mouse coccidian parasites Eimeria krijgsmanni

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