Genetic Diversity among Bacillus anthracis Soil Isolates at Fine Geographic Scales

Stratilo, Chad W.; Bader, Douglas E.

doi:10.1128/aem.01036-12

Cited by 23 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…This result might reflect the survivability of B. anthracis through several passages in inhospitable environments. Similarly, SNR genotypic differences have been observed for B. anthracis samples obtained from blood and tissue of infected animals during anthrax outbreaks; this diversity might also reflect the passage of bacterium in the affected animals [22]. Thus, an important conclusion based on our results is that genetic variations in B. anthracis could occur in a single original strain after several passages in the same soil.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Genetic diversity of KoreanBacillus anthracisisolates from soil evaluated with a single nucleotide repeat analysis

et al. 2013

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Bacillus (B.) anthracis, the etiological agent of anthrax, is one of the most genetically monomorphic bacteria species in the world. Due to the very limited genetic diversity of this species, classification of isolates of this bacterium requires methods with high discriminatory power. Single nucleotide repeat (SNR) analysis is a type of variable-number tandem repeat assay that evaluates regions with very high mutation rates. To subtype a collection of 21 isolates that were obtained during a B. anthracis outbreak in Korea, we analyzed four SNR marker loci using nucleotide sequencing analysis. These isolates were obtained from soil samples and the Korean Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The SNR analysis was able to detect 13 subgenotypes, which allowed a detailed evaluation of the Korean isolates. Our study demonstrated that the SNR analysis was able to discriminate between strains with the same multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis genotypes. In summary, we obtained SNR results for four SNR marker loci of newly acquired strains from Korea. Our findings will be helpful for creating marker systems and help identify markers that could be used for future forensic studies.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Genetic diversity of KoreanBacillus anthracisisolates from soil evaluated with a single nucleotide repeat analysis

et al. 2013

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“…In summary the obvious explanation would be that the development of the variations might have originated during the course of infection. This would agree with the findings of Stratilo and Bader [21], who compared SNR profiles of B. anthracis soil isolates distributed around carcass sites of bison diseased from anthrax. The authors found similar distributions of SNR variations within soil samples of single carcass sites which were proposed by Kenefic et al [22] to be acquired during host passaging.…”

Section: Citationsupporting

confidence: 81%

Genotyping of Bacillus anthracis Strains Circulating in Albania

Campese¹

2015

J Bioterror Biodef

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Anthrax in Albania is an endemic disease characterized by few outbreaks involving a very low number of animals. Nineteen samples of soil coming from burial sites and 11 strains of Bacillus spp isolated from died animals from different districts of Albania were examined. The analysis of soil samples revealed that 11 of them were contaminated with anthrax spores, while only 8 strains were confirmed as Bacillus anthracis. The analysis of CanSNPs showed that all isolates belong to lineage A major subgroup A.Br.008/009 (Trans-Eurasian or TEA strains). The MLVA test at 15 loci showed three different genotypes: Albania GT/1, Albania GT/2 and Albania GT/3. However all the genotypes are genetically very similar to each other which confirm the hypothesis that all of them are the result of the evolution of a local common ancestral strain. Two distinct genotypes (Albania GT/2 and Albania GT/3) were found in the same burial site in the district of Kukës. Although in the scientific literature there have been cases in which two different genotypes were found in the same carcass, the authors believe that in this case the isolation of two different genotypes could be justified by the presence in the same burial sites of two or more animals that died in different times and as a consequence of different outbreaks.

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“…The MLVA analysis was subsequently adopted by microbiologists to study population structure of human pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mazars et al, 2001), Yersinia pestis (Klevytska et al, 2001) and Staphylococcus aureus (Malachowa et al, 2005). Later, genotype information was linked with geographical information to study how bacteria behave within smaller geographical regions or even single outbreaks (Girard et al, 2004;U'Ren et al, 2007;Bui Thi Ngoc et al, 2009;Stratilo and Bader, 2012). Several methods have been implemented to infer mutation rates using stepwise mutation models in Escherichia coli (Vogler et al, 2006), M. tuberculosis (Aandahl et al, 2012) and Y. pestis (Vogler et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogeography and population structure of the biologically invasive phytopathogen Erwinia amylovora inferred using minisatellites

Bühlmann

Dreo

Rezzonico

et al. 2013

Environmental Microbiology

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Erwinia amylovora causes a major disease of pome fruit trees worldwide, and is regulated as a quarantine organism in many countries. While some diversity of isolates has been observed, molecular epidemiology of this bacterium is hindered by a lack of simple molecular typing techniques with sufficiently high resolution. We report a molecular typing system of E. amylovora based on variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) analysis. Repeats in the E. amylovora genome were identified with comparative genomic tools, and VNTR markers were developed and validated. A Multiple-Locus VNTR Analysis (MLVA) was applied to E. amylovora isolates from bacterial collections representing global and regional distribution of the pathogen. Based on six repeats, MLVA allowed the distinction of 227 haplotypes among a collection of 833 isolates of worldwide origin. Three geographically separated groups were recognized among global isolates using Bayesian clustering methods. Analysis of regional outbreaks confirmed presence of diverse haplotypes but also high representation of certain haplotypes during outbreaks. MLVA analysis is a practical method for epidemiological studies of E. amylovora, identifying previously unresolved population structure within outbreaks. Knowledge of such structure can increase our understanding on how plant diseases emerge and spread over a given geographical region.

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Genetic Diversity among Bacillus anthracis Soil Isolates at Fine Geographic Scales

Cited by 23 publications

References 15 publications

Genetic diversity of KoreanBacillus anthracisisolates from soil evaluated with a single nucleotide repeat analysis

Genetic diversity of KoreanBacillus anthracisisolates from soil evaluated with a single nucleotide repeat analysis

Genotyping of Bacillus anthracis Strains Circulating in Albania

Phylogeography and population structure of the biologically invasive phytopathogen Erwinia amylovora inferred using minisatellites

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