Genetic diversity and seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in COVID‑19 patients; a first case-control study in Iran

Abstract

Background Toxoplasmosis is a serious or life-threatening disease in immunosuppressed patients and pregnant women. This study examined the likely association between Toxoplasma gondii infection and COVID-19 patients with moderate illness. Methods Seventy blood samples were collected from patients at the Health Reference Laboratory of Tabriz, Northwest Iran from April 2021 to September 2021. In addition, 70 healthy subjects of the same age (37 ± 15 years) and sex distribution were ethnically matched. Sera samples were examined for the detection of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies using ELISA. Nested-PCR targets were amplified based on the B1 and GRA6 genes. GRA6 amplicons were subjected to sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Results The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis based on IgG titer was 35.7% in the COVID‑19 patients and 27.1% in the control group, representing not to be associated with the Toxoplasma seropositivity in COVID‑19 patients (P = 0.18) compared to healthy subjects. Anti-T. gondii IgM was not found in any of the patients and healthy individuals. According to PCR amplification of the B1 and GRA6 genes, the frequency of T. gondii in COVID-19 patients was 14.2% (10/70). However, no T. gondii infection was detected in the healthy group. The CD4+T cell count was relatively lower in toxoplasmosis-infected patients (430–450 cells/mm3) than in control group (500–1500 cells/mm3). High genetic diversity (Hd: 0.710) of the type I strain of T. gondii was characterized in the patients. Present results showed that consumption of raw vegetables and close contact with stray cats can increase the transmission of T. gondii to COVID-19 patients (P < 0.01). Conclusions The current study revealed that T. gondii type I infection is unequivocally circulating among the COVID-19 patients in Tabriz; However, no significant association was observed between the occurrence of Toxoplasma and the severity of COVID-19. To make more accurate health decisions, multicenter investigations with a larger sample size of different ethnic groups of the Iranian population are needed.

Frequency of exposure to Toxoplasma gondii in COVID-19 patients. a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…et al in Mexico revealed that 21.9% of patients with COVID-19 showed the presence of T. gondii (17). Studies by Gouda MA, et al, (20) and Hasanzadeh M, et al (22) indicated the absence of active T. gondii infection in patients with COVID-19 by IgM detection.…”

“…The frequency of exposure to T. gondii, detected through the presence of IgG in patients with COVID-19, reached 49% (95% CI: 34-63%; 2,947 participants; 13 studies; I 2 = 98%, p < 0.01) (Fig. 2) (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23). In addition, the frequency of exposure to T. gondii, detected through the presence of IgM in patients with COVID-19, reached 2% (95% CI: 0-6%; 1,302 participants; 6 studies; I 2 = 94%, p < 0.01) (Fig.…”

“…The studies' quality was evaluated using the JBI Critical Appraisal Tools for cross-sectional research. All the studies were of moderate quality (Table S3) (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23). Egger's test for the evaluation of publication bias obtained a value of p = 0.4301 (t = 0.82, df = 11).…”

“…A subgroup analysis by country was performed, which revealed that the frequency of T. gondii exposure in patients with COVID-19 in Iran reached 62% (95% CI: 37-83%; 843 participants; 5 studies; I 2 = 98%, p < 0.01) (13,15,16,19,22), while in Egypt it was 38% (95% CI: 26-52%; 1303 participants; 6 studies; I 2 = 96%, p < 0.01) (11,12,18,20,21,23) (Figure S2).…”

“…Likewise, among the 1,302 COVID-19 patients tested, 36 cases were identi ed with the presence of T. gondii by IgM detection. Finally, of the 533 patients with COVID-19 screened by PCR, 21 cases were found to have T. gondii (Table 1) (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23). Considering all patients, approximately 43.26% were males and 49.41% were females.…”