Genetic Diversity and Structure of the Military Macaw (<i>Ara militaris</i>) in Mexico

Rivera-Ortíz, Francisco A.; Solórzano, Sofía; Arizmendi, Marı́a del Coro; Dávila-Aranda, Patricia; Oyama, Ken

doi:10.1177/1940082916684346

Cited by 13 publications

(39 citation statements)

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“…Samples from the Gulf of Mexico and Pacific are clearly isolated by the highlands of the Sierra Madre Oriental and the Sierra Madre Occidental (Fig. 1), indicating a divergence pattern that is frequently detected for lowland species (Mulcahy, Morrill & Mendelson, 2006; Rivera-Ortíz et al, 2016) and species groups (Streicher et al, 2014; Palacios et al, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

The role of Central American barriers in shaping the evolutionary history of the northernmost glassfrog,Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni(Anura: Centrolenidae)

Mendoza

Bolívar-García

Vázquez‐Domínguez

et al. 2019

PeerJ

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The complex geological history of Central America has been useful for understanding the processes influencing the distribution and diversity of multiple groups of organisms. Anurans are an excellent choice for such studies because they typically exhibit site fidelity and reduced movement. The objective of this work was to identify the impact of recognized geographic barriers on the genetic structure, phylogeographic patterns and divergence times of a wide-ranging amphibian species, Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni. We amplified three mitochondrial regions, two coding (COI and ND1) and one ribosomal (16S), in samples collected from the coasts of Veracruz and Guerrero in Mexico to the humid forests of Chocó in Ecuador. We examined the biogeographic history of the species through spatial clustering analyses (Geneland and sPCA), Bayesian and maximum likelihood reconstructions, and spatiotemporal diffusion analysis. Our data suggest a Central American origin of H. fleischmanni and two posterior independent dispersals towards North and South American regions. The first clade comprises individuals from Colombia, Ecuador, Panama and the sister species Hyalinobatrachium tatayoi; this clade shows little structure, despite the presence of the Andes mountain range and the long distances between sampling sites. The second clade consists of individuals from Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and eastern Honduras with no apparent structure. The third clade includes individuals from western Honduras, Guatemala, and Mexico and displays deep population structure. Herein, we synthesize the impact of known geographic areas that act as barriers to glassfrog dispersal and demonstrated their effect of differentiating H. fleischmanni into three markedly isolated clades. The observed genetic structure is associated with an initial dispersal event from Central America followed by vicariance that likely occurred during the Pliocene. The southern samples are characterized by a very recent population expansion, likely related to sea-level and climatic oscillations during the Pleistocene, whereas the structure of the northern clade has probably been driven by dispersal through the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and isolation by the Motagua–Polochic–Jocotán fault system and the Mexican highlands.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

The role of Central American barriers in shaping the evolutionary history of the northernmost glassfrog,Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni(Anura: Centrolenidae)

Mendoza

Bolívar-García

Vázquez‐Domínguez

et al. 2019

PeerJ

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“…52 Shed feathers collected from medium- and large-bodied Neotropical birds were used as source of DNA to isolate microsatellites, 32,44 assign parentage and relatedness, 9,32,39 perform molecular sexing, 32,47 assess levels of microsatellites’ variation, and describe phylogenetic patterns. 9,38,47 In addition, feather-derived DNA was used to assess population structure, 33,42,45,46,48 amplify major histocompatibility complex genes to help estimate minimum viable population sizes, 31 and molecularly identify species. 43,44…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current trends in the application of non-invasive genetic sampling to study Neotropical birds: Uses, goals, and conservation potential

Baus

Monge

2019

Avian Biology Research

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The non-invasive collection of biological samples has proven useful to study a diverse array of research topics worldwide. Here, we present a systematic bibliographical synthesis exploring how the non-invasive collection of genetic samples has been used to study avian populations in the Neotropics. We searched international online databases for scientific publications, spanning from 2007 to 2017, to describe the trends and identify the sample types used, species studied, and research questions addressed. The analysis of 21 articles showed that shed feathers were most frequently used (66.7% of articles), followed by carcasses (14.2%), eggs (9.5%), and non-invasively obtained blood (4.8%); one study used both feces and shed feathers. Most studies addressed population genetic issues (38.1%), followed by species identification (28.6%), phylogenetic questions (14.3%), molecular sexing (9.5%), and parentage analyses (9.5%). Brazil produced almost half (47.6%) of the publications retrieved. Despite an increasing interest in using non-invasive sampling to study Neotropical avifauna, its application is still largely concentrated in the most developed countries in this region and to explore a limited number of questions. A more regular use of non-invasive sampling would help advance the knowledge of ecological, behavioral, genetic, and evolutionary aspects of Neotropical birds. Investigating the extent of human–wildlife conflict, such as impact of road-kills, illegal traffic, and collision with aerial infrastructure or unmanned vehicles, is an underexplored avenue of research in which this method could be of much help. Non-invasive genetic sampling can help tackle conservation problems and pave the way to scientifically informed conservation policies in this avian biodiversity hotspot.

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“…We extracted DNA from five feathers collected from a captive individual housed at the AFP OCEAN Foundation A.C. The rachises of the collected feathers were cleaned with 75% molecular grade ethyl [34]. This same procedure was performed with positive control samples from five individuals of known geographic origin.…”

Section: Dna Extraction and Genotypingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Eight loci were amplified from nuclear microsatellites using primers designed for other parrot species (five for Ara ararauna and three for Amazona guildinguii) [36][37][38]. These polymorphic microsatellites were those previously used by Rivera-Ortíz et al [34] for Military Macaw individuals from seven different locations.…”

Section: Dna Extraction and Genotypingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A study conducted by Rivera-Ortíz et al [34] on the genetics of the Military Macaw used microsatellites from samples collected in seven Mexican locations and found strong genetic structuring, showing two groups presenting geographic concordance. Group one corresponded to the locations found in the Sierra Madre Occidental and the Sierra Madre del Sur (Pacific slope), and Group two corresponded to the locations found in the Sierra Madre Oriental (Gulf of Mexico slope).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic Assignment Tests to Identify the Probable Geographic Origin of a Captive Specimen of Military Macaw (Ara militaris) in Mexico: Implications for Conservation

et al. 2021

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The Military Macaw (Ara militaris) faces a number of serious conservation threats. The use of genetic markers and assignment tests may help to identify the geographic origin of captive individuals and improve conservation and management programs. The purpose of this study was to identify the possible geographic origin of a captive individual using genetic markers. We used a reference database of genotypes of 86 individuals previously shown to belong to two different genetic groups to determine the genetic assignment of the captive individual of unknown origin (captive specimen) and five individuals of known geographic origin (as positive controls). We evaluated the accuracy of three assignment/exclusion criteria to determine the success of correct assignment of the individual of unknown origin and the five positive control individuals. WICHLOCI estimated that eight loci were required to achieve an assignment success of 83%. The correct geographic origin of positive controls was identified with 83% confidence. All of the analyses assigned the captive individual to the genetic group from the Sierra Madre Oriental. Bayesian assignment tests, tests for genetic distance and allele frequency tests assigned the unknown individual to the locations from the Sierra Madre Oriental with a probability of 71.2–82.4%. We show that the use of genetic markers provides a promising tool for determining the origin of pets and individuals seized from the illegal animal trade to better inform decisions on reintroduction and improve conservation programs.

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Genetic Diversity and Structure of the Military Macaw (Ara militaris) in Mexico

Cited by 13 publications

References 50 publications

The role of Central American barriers in shaping the evolutionary history of the northernmost glassfrog,Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni(Anura: Centrolenidae)

The role of Central American barriers in shaping the evolutionary history of the northernmost glassfrog,Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni(Anura: Centrolenidae)

Current trends in the application of non-invasive genetic sampling to study Neotropical birds: Uses, goals, and conservation potential

Genetic Assignment Tests to Identify the Probable Geographic Origin of a Captive Specimen of Military Macaw (Ara militaris) in Mexico: Implications for Conservation

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