Genetic diversity and structure ofCarpinus laxiflorapopulations in South Korea based on AFLP markers

Abstract

We applied eight primer-restriction enzyme combinations to investigate genetic diversity, genetic differentiation, and genetic structure of Carpinus laxiflora populations with AFLP markers. The average of effective alleles (A e), the proportion of polymorphic loci (%P), Shannon's diversity index (I), and the expected heterozygosity (H e) were 1.4, 82.2%, 0.371, and 0.241, respectively. The expected heterozygosity (Hj) from Bayesian method was 0.270. The level of genetic diversity was high compared to those of Carpinus species and other species with a similar life history. The inbreeding coefficient (F IS) from approximated Bayesian method was 0.618, which was smaller than that for Acer pseudosieboldianum (F IS ¼0.712). Genetic differentiation was 0.060 from AMOVA (U ST) and 0.056 from Bayesian method (h II). The level of genetic differentiation was very small compared to that of Carpinus species and other species with a similar life history. According to UPGMA and Bayesian clustering, 10 populations were divided into two genetic groups. Except Mt. Chilgap and Minjuji, most of the populations were detected as weak genetic structures according to the geographical distribution such as mountain ranges. We might consider that demographic disturbance, local specific vegetation change history, and forest succession interrupted the genetic structure of C. laxiflora in South Korea.

Genetic diversity and structure ofPrunus paduspopulations in South Korea based on AFLP markers

“…These species have similar life history traits and estimated genetic diversity based on AFLP markers. The estimated genetic diversity of P. padus is also lower than that of Carpinus laxiflora (H e ¼0.241, Hj ¼ 0.270; Ahn et al 2019). This is consistent with the result that the level of genetic diversity in insectpollinated species (H e ¼ 0.15) is lower than that of wind pollinated species (H e ¼ 0.19) based on the metadata study.…”

“…A meta-analysis reported that the level of genetic differentiation in insect-pollinated species (U ST ¼ 0.280) is larger than that of windpollinated species (U ST ¼ 0.260). The level of genetic differentiation in P. padus (U ST ¼ 0.245) was larger than that in wind-pollinated Carpinus laxiflora (U ST ¼ 0.060; Ahn et al 2019), Fraxinus chiisanesis (U ST ¼ 0.041; Cho et al 2002), and U. davidiana (U ST ¼ 0.042; Ahn et al 2013). We conclude that the level of genetic differentiation present in P. padus is large compared to that in species with similar life history traits.…”

“…The total DNA concentration was measured using a NanoDrop 2000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, USA). AFLP analysis was carried out as described by Ahn et al (2019).…”

“…P. padus (F IS ¼ 0.767) was smaller than that in Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (F IS ¼ 0.822; Ahn et al 2013) and larger than Phellodendron amurense (F IS ¼ 0.628; Lee et al 2014), Carpinus laxiflora (F IS ¼ 0.618; Ahn et al 2019), and Acer pseudosieboldianum (F IS ¼ 0.712, Ahn et al 2016). The estimated outcrossing rates in the genus Prunus varies within a range from 0.41 to 0.99 (Garcia et al 2005;Cottrell et al 2009).…”

Diversity Assessment of an Endemic Carpinus oblongifolia (Betulaceae) Using Specific-Locus Amplified Fragment Sequencing and Implications for Conservation

“…The number of SNPs identified from genome-wide range far exceeded the number of polymorphisms detected using traditional methods in Carpinus, such as fewer than 200 polymorphic bands in AFLP analyzing the genetic diversity of Carpinus laxiflora (Siebold & Zucc.) Blume (Betulaceae) [30] and Carpinus betulus L. (Betulaceae) [31] populations. The molecular markers…”