Genetic Diversity and Zoonotic Potential of<i>Cryptosporidium parvum</i>Causing Foal Diarrhea

Grinberg, A; Learmonth, J. J.; Kwan, Errol; Pomroy, W.E.; López‐Villalobos, N.; Gibson, IR; Widmer, Giovanni

doi:10.1128/jcm.00936-08

Cited by 48 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Although C. parvum gp60 subgenotypes IIA16G3R1 and IIaA21G3R1 have been reported only from cattle in Australia [33], all other subgenotypes detected in the present study have been reported from at least one other country (Table 3) (with the exception of IIaA18G4R1, which is a new record). Sequence type IIaA19G3R1a, shown to be dominant here, appears to be prevalent and significant globally, having been reported previously from cattle in Australia [27,33], Canada [24], New Zealand [41], Northern Ireland [16] and The Netherlands [17]. In addition, IIaA19G3R1a has been recorded in horses in New Zealand [41] and, importantly, humans in Australia [21,27,33], Ireland [46], New Zealand [41] and Northern Ireland [42], providing support for the hypothesis that this type of C. parvum is transmissible to humans.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 68%

“…Sequence type IIaA19G3R1a, shown to be dominant here, appears to be prevalent and significant globally, having been reported previously from cattle in Australia [27,33], Canada [24], New Zealand [41], Northern Ireland [16] and The Netherlands [17]. In addition, IIaA19G3R1a has been recorded in horses in New Zealand [41] and, importantly, humans in Australia [21,27,33], Ireland [46], New Zealand [41] and Northern Ireland [42], providing support for the hypothesis that this type of C. parvum is transmissible to humans. The potential utility of the gp60 gene as one marker for detecting or monitoring zoonotic transmission of cryptosporidiosis represents, in our opinion, one of the most immediate and motivating factors driving the effort to understand the epidemiology and population genetics of C. parvum in non-human hosts.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 68%

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Genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium parvum from calves by mutation scanning and targeted sequencing – zoonotic implications

et al. 2009

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This study explored the genetic make-up of Cryptosporidium in fecal samples from 268 individual calves on pasture-based dairy farms in three regions of Victoria, Australia. An integrated approach, using PCR-coupled single-strand conformation polymorphism, targeted sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, was employed to classify the genetic variants (i.e. genotypes and subgenotypes) of Cryptosporidium parvum present in 124 (46.3%) samples and to infer their zoonotic potential. Genotypic and subgenotypic classification was achieved using a portion of the 60 kDa glycoprotein gene (designated pgp60); specific identity was verified using a region within the small subunit of the nuclear ribosomal RNA (pSSU). Twelve sequence types representing ten distinct subgenotypes were defined within genotype IIa, namely IIaA16G3R1 (n=7), IIaA17G2R1 (1), IIaA18G2R1a (2), IIaA18G2R1b (1), IIaA18G4R1 (1), IIaA19G3R1a (80), IIaA19G3R1b (1), IIaA20G2R1 (9), IIaA20G3R1 (1), IIaA20G4R1 (9), IIaA21G3R1 (1) and IIaA23G3R1 (9), of which IIaA18G2R1b, IIaA18G4R1 and IIaA19G3R1b are new records. All of the subgenotypes, except IIaA16G3R1, IIaA18G4R1 and IIaA20G4R1, have been detected previously in humans and are thus considered to be of zoonotic relevance. (Nucleotide sequences reported in this paper are available in the GenBank database under accession numbers FJ825018-FJ825029).

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 68%

Genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium parvum from calves by mutation scanning and targeted sequencing – zoonotic implications

et al. 2009

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“…Many investigators rely instead on the partial sequence of the GP60 gene, which provides a quick method to compare genotypes from different studies and different laboratories. In contrast, different multilocus genotyping methods have been developed (10,12,13,14,16,19,22), making comparisons between different studies more difficult. We have shown here that a single-locus genotype, whether based on the GP60 sequence or another marker, in most cases cannot replace multilocus typing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Single- and Multilocus Genetic Diversity in the Protozoan Parasites Cryptosporidium parvum and C. hominis

Widmer

Lee

2010

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The genotyping of numerous isolates of Cryptosporidium parasites has led to the definition of new species and a better understanding of the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis. A single-locus genotyping method based on the partial sequence of a polymorphic sporozoite surface glycoprotein gene (GP60) has been favored by many for surveying Cryptosporidium parvum and C. hominis populations. Since genetically distinct Cryptosporidium parasites recombine in nature, it is unclear whether single-locus classifications can adequately represent intraspecies diversity. To address this question, we investigated whether multilocus genotypes of C. parvum and C. hominis cluster according to the GP60 genotype. C. hominis multilocus genotypes did not segregate according to this marker, indicating that for this species the GP60 sequence is not a valid surrogate for multilocus typing methods. In contrast, in C. parvum the previously described "anthroponotic" genotype was confirmed as a genetically distinct subspecies cluster characterized by a diagnostic GP60 allele. However, as in C. hominis, several C. parvum GP60 alleles did not correlate with distinct subpopulations. Given the rarity of some C. parvum GP60 alleles in our sample, the existence of additional C. parvum subgroups with unique GP60 alleles cannot be ruled out. We conclude that with the exception of genotypically distinct C. parvum subgroups, multilocus genotyping methods are needed to characterize C. parvum and C. hominis populations. Unless parasite virulence is controlled at the GP60 locus, attempts to find associations within species or subspecies between GP60 and phenotype are unlikely to be successful.

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“…Of the known C. parvum genotypes, IIa is the most frequently reported globally . Genotype IIa is predominant in cattle, having been reported from many countries, including Australia O'Brien et al, 2008), Canada (Trotz-Williams et al, 2006), England (Brook et al, 2009), Hungary (Plutzer and Karanis, 2007), Iran (Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad et al, 2011), Ireland (Thompson et al, 2007), New Zealand (Grinberg et al, 2008), Portugal (Alves et al, 2006) and the USA (Peng et al, 2003b;Xiao et al, 2007), and is the second most reported genotype in humans . It is also widely accepted that genotype IIa is zoonotic and likely to be transmitted from cattle to humans.…”

Section: Tablementioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia from dairy calves: Discovery of species/genotypes consistent with those found in humans

Abeywardena

Jex

Nolan

et al. 2012

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

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Cryptosporidium and Giardia are important genera of parasitic protists that can cause significant diarrhoeal diseases in humans and other animals. Depending on the species/genotype of parasite, human infection may be acquired via anthroponotic or zoonotic transmission routes. Here, we undertook a molecular epidemiological investigation of these two genera of parasites in pre- and post-weaned calves from eight locations in Canterbury, New Zealand, by PCR-coupled sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of sequence data for regions in the 60 kDa glycoprotein (pgp60) gene of Cryptosporidium and/or the triose-phosphate isomerase (ptpi) gene of Giardia. The pgp60 and ptpi regions were specifically amplified from 15 (8.3%) and 11 (6.1%) of the 180 individual faecal samples, respectively. The sequences derived from all of the amplicons were aligned with homologous reference sequences and subjected to phylogenetic analysis by Bayesian inference. For Cryptosporidium, three samples contained Cryptosporidium parvum genotype IIa, subgenotypes IIaA15G3R1, IIaA19G3R1 and IIaA23G4. Twelve samples contained Cryptosporidium hominis genotype Ib, subgenotype IbA10G2R2. While subgenotypes IIaA15G3R1 and IIaA23G4 are new records, IIaA19G3R1 and IbA10G2R2 are commonly found in humans in various countries. For Giardia, two samples contained Giardia duodenalis assemblage A, also common in humans. In contrast, nine samples contained G. duodenalis assemblage E, which is the first report of this assemblage in cattle in New Zealand. Therefore, the present results indicate that dairy calves on the South Island of New Zealand harbour 'zoonotic' genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia, which is likely to have significant public health implications.

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Genetic Diversity and Zoonotic Potential ofCryptosporidium parvumCausing Foal Diarrhea

Cited by 48 publications

References 21 publications

Genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium parvum from calves by mutation scanning and targeted sequencing – zoonotic implications

Genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium parvum from calves by mutation scanning and targeted sequencing – zoonotic implications

Comparison of Single- and Multilocus Genetic Diversity in the Protozoan Parasites Cryptosporidium parvum and C. hominis

Genetic characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia from dairy calves: Discovery of species/genotypes consistent with those found in humans

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