Genetic diversity in L1 ORF of human papillomavirus in women with cervical cancer with and without human immunodeficiency virus in Botswana and Kenya

Abstract

Background The variation of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes shapes the risks of cervical cancer and these variations are not well defined in Africa. Nucleotide changes within the L1 gene, nucleotide variability, and phylogeny were explored in relation to HIV in samples from Botswana and Kenya. Methods A total of 98 HPV-positive cervical samples were sequenced to identify different HPV variants. Phylogenetic inferences were used to determine HPV genotypes and investigate the clustering of sequences between women living with HIV (WLWHIV) and -women not living with HIV (WNLWHIV). Results Out of 98 generated sequences, 83.7% (82/98) participants had high-risk (HR) HPV genotypes while 16.3% (16/98) had low-risk (LR) HPV genotypes. Among participants with HR-HPV genotypes, 47.6% (39/82) were coinfected with HIV. The prevalence of HR-HPV genotypes was statistically higher in the Botswana population compared to Kenya (p-value < 0.001). Multiple amino acid mutations were identified in both countries. Genetic diversity differed considerably among WLWHIV and WNLWHIV. The mean pairwise distances between HPV-16 between HIV and HIV/HPV as well as for HPV-18 were statistically significant. Six (6) new deleterious mutations were identified in the HPV genotypes based on the sequencing of the L1 region, HPV-16 (L441P, S343P), HPV-18 (S424P), HPV-45 (Q366H, Y365F), and HPV-84 (F458L). The majority of the patients with these mutations were co-infected with HIV. Conclusions Genomic diversity and different genomic variants of HPV sequences were demonstrated. Candidate novel mutations within the L1 gene were identified in both countries which can be further investigated using functional assays.

Cervical human papillomavirus genotypes in a high HIV setting: A scoping review of a decade of human papillomavirus epidemiological research in Botswana

“…Also the proportion of other high-risk HPV genotypes (HPV-39, 45, −51, −52, −56, −68) was at 7-10% ( Figure 1 ). Indeed, HPV-45 seems to be frequently detected in women with cervical cancer compared to women with precancerous lesions ( 27 , 35 ). Other high-risk HPV genotypes (HPV-31 and HPV-33) were detected at low rates ( Figure 1 ).…”

“…Regarding HPV genotypes other than HPV-16 and/or HPV-18, the percentage of HPV-58 appears to be higher in HIV-positive people than HIV-negative subjects in Botswana ( 19 , 26 , 31 ), although these results are derived from different technical approaches, and therefore cannot be fully compared. Additionally, the most common HPV genotypes found in women with cervical cancer are HPV-45, −58 and −35 ( 27 , 35 ). This is confirmed by Clifford et al ( 37 ), where it has been shown that beside HPV-16, HPV-18, HPV-45 and HPV-58 were the more frequently genotypes detected in HIV-positive subjects with ICC compared with HIV-negative with ICC.…”

“…In fact, when Abbott Real-Time High-Risk HPV platform is used, the rate of HPV-18 detection decreases significantly ( Tables 1 , 2 ). A prove of that is that when sequencing a subset of samples from Tawe et al ( 29 ), a higher rate of HPV-18 has been found ( 35 ). However, discordance for the detection of HPV-16 or HPV-18 has been reported when different genotyping methods are applied, including the Abbott Real-Time High-Risk assay ( 47 , 48 ).…”

Nurses and doctors ‘s awareness and knowledge towards treatment and care of cervical cancer patients: a cross-sectional study

“…Therefore, nurses should have sound knowledge about cervical cancer so they can provide optimal care and information to patients. Most of the studies have been published on the evaluation of genetic/expression variation of different genes/pathways in cervical carcinogenesis [ 23 – 27 ]. Limited number of studies have been published with respect the cervical cancer and cervical cancer screening awareness among healthcare professionals [ 28 – 30 ].…”

Prevalence and risk factors for high-risk human papillomavirus infection among women from three southern geopolitical zones of Nigeria

“…In Botswana and Kenya, Tawe et al showed that 83•7% of participants screened had high-risk (HR) HPV genotypes, while 16•3% had low-risk (LR) HPV genotypes (5). In a study involving 482 participants in Cameroun, Doh et al reported a prevalence rate of 13•4% among the population (6).…”