Genetic Diversity of HIV Type 1 in Montenegro

Ciccozzi, Massimo; Vujošević, Danijela; Presti, Alessandra Lo; Mugoša, Boban; Vratnica, Zoran; Lai, Alessia; Laušević, Dragan; Draskovic, Nenad; Marjanović, Aleksandra; Cella, Eleonora; Santoro, Maria Mercedes; Alteri, Claudia; Fabeni, Lavinia; Ciotti, Marco; Zehender, Gianguglielmo

doi:10.1089/aid.2010.0323

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…28 Similarly, a rather high TDR prevalence of 16.6% was detected in a study performed in Hungary in a similar time frame (2008-2010). 29 However, no TDR was reported in a study from Montenegro, 30 although with a limited number of only 10 samples, as well as in a study from Cyprus, representing 88% of the known-living HIV-1-infected population in the country. 31 A rather low prevalence of primary resistance of 2/66 (3%) was found in a survey from Albania, a somewhat higher prevalence of 3.9% was described in Georgia, and, similarly, 4.7% was found in a recent study from Slovenia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Ten Years Survey of Primary HIV-1 Resistance in Serbia: The Occurrence of Multiclass Resistance

Stanojević

Šiljić²,

SalemovicDubravka³

et al. 2014

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses

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In Serbia, the first cases of HIV infection were reported in 1985, whereas antiretroviral (ARV) therapy has been in use since 1987. With this study we aimed to assess the occurrence and pattern of HIV resistance mutations among newly diagnosed patients in the period 2002-2011. The study prospectively included 181 adult patients. Genotypic HIV-1 drug resistance testing was performed and drug resistance was scored according to the 2009 WHO list for surveillance of drug resistance mutations (SDRMs). A bioinformatic approach was used to estimate the duration of infection by calculating the percentage of ambiguous basecalls per sequence, with a cutoff of 0.47% as the delimiter for recent infection. The overall prevalence of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) found in the study was 8.8% (16/181, 95% CI=5.5-13.8). Thirty-one percent of resistant samples contained multiple SDRMs. In particular, 5/16 patients with resistance carried viral strains with SDRMs to multiple ARV classes, hence one-third of resistant strains were multiclass resistant, including non-B strains. A total of 51.9% of samples (94/181) were classified as recent infection, with a significant increase in the second part of the study period. However, the prevalence of TDR in recent infection was 6.4% (6/94, 95% CI=2.9-13.2), not statistically different from that found in nonrecent infection. We showed a changing pattern of TDR mutations over the study period, with a substantial occurrence of multiclass resistance, across different HIV subtypes. Our results highlight the need for continued surveillance of primary resistance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Ten Years Survey of Primary HIV-1 Resistance in Serbia: The Occurrence of Multiclass Resistance

Stanojević

Šiljić²,

SalemovicDubravka³

et al. 2014

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses

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“…The sequences of all the dataset were aligned by using Clustal X and manually edited by Bioedit, as already described [Ciccozzi et al, ]. The evolutionary model was chosen as the best‐fitting nucleotide substitution model in accordance with the results of the hierarchical likelihood ratio test (HLRT) implemented in Model test software version 3.7 as already described [Ciccozzi et al, ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin and evolution of Nipah virus

Presti

Cella

Giovanetti

et al. 2015

Journal of Medical Virology

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Nipah virus, member of the Paramyxoviridae family, is classified as a Biosafety Level-4 agent and category C priority pathogen. Nipah virus disease is endemic in south Asia and outbreaks have been reported in Malaysia, Singapore, India, and Bangladesh. Bats of the genus Pteropus appear to be the natural reservoir of this virus. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity of Nipah virus, to estimate the date of origin and the spread of the infection. The mean value of Nipah virus N gene evolutionary rate, was 6.5 × 10(-4) substitution/site/year (95% HPD: 2.3 × 10(-4)-1.18 × 10(-3)). The time-scaled phylogenetic analysis showed that the root of the tree originated in 1947 (95% HPD: 1888-1988) as the virus entered in south eastern Asiatic regions. The segregation of sequences in two main clades (I and II) indicating that Nipah virus had two different introductions: one in 1995 (95% HPD: 1985-2002) which correspond to clade I, and the other in 1985 (95% HPD: 1971-1996) which correspond to clade II. The phylogeographic reconstruction indicated that the epidemic followed two different routes spreading to the other locations. The trade of infected pigs may have played a role in the spread of the virus. Bats of the Pteropus genus, that are able to travel to long distances, may have contributed to the spread of the infection. Negatively selected sites, statistically supported, could reflect the stability of the viral N protein.

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“…In Montenegro there is a low prevalence of subtype A and C viruses. However, the origin of the infections have not yet been identified (Ciccozzi et al, 2011).…”

Section: Central Europementioning

confidence: 99%