Genetic Diversity of Microcystin Producers (Cyanobacteria) and Microcystin Congeners in Aquatic Resources across Africa: A Review Paper

Abstract

Microcystins are produced by multifaceted organisms called cyanobacteria, which are integral to Africa’s freshwater environments. The excessive proliferation of cyanobacteria caused by rising temperature and eutrophication leads to the production and release of copious amounts of microcystins, requiring critical management and control approaches to prevent the adverse environmental and public health problems associated with these bioactive metabolites. Despite hypotheses reported to explain the phylogeography and mechanisms responsible for cyanobacterial blooms in aquatic water bodies, many aspects are scarcely understood in Africa due to the paucity of investigations and lack of uniformity of experimental methods. Due to a lack of information and large-scale studies, cyanobacteria occurrence and genetic diversity are seldom reported in African aquatic ecosystems. This review covers the diversity and geographical distribution of potential microcystin-producing and non-microcystin-producing cyanobacterial taxa in Africa. Molecular analyses using housekeeping genes (e.g., 16S rRNA, ITS, rpoC1, etc.) revealed significant sequence divergence across several cyanobacterial strains from East, North, West, and South Africa, but the lack of uniformity in molecular markers employed made continent-wise phylogenetic comparisons impossible. Planktothrix agardhii, Microcystis aeruginosa, and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (presently known as Raphidiopsis raciborskii) were the most commonly reported genera. Potential microcystin (MCs)-producing cyanobacteria were detected using mcy genes, and several microcystin congeners were recorded. Studying cyanobacteria species from the African continent is urgent to effectively safeguard public and environmental health because more than 80% of the continent has no data on these important microorganisms and their bioactive secondary metabolites.

Luminescent Metal–Organic Frameworks for Electrochemiluminescent Detection of Water Pollutants

“…Microcystins produced by cyanobacterial bloom are heptapeptide toxins that tributed most widely and pose a severe threat to the quality of drinking water cystins are a type of monocyclic heptapeptide and possess many isomers that tributed to different compositions of the two variable amino acids in polypeptides. them, MC-LR exhibits the strongest toxicity [105]. A highly sensitive ECL-based a sor was developed to detect MC-LR in water [80].…”

“…Microcystins are a type of monocyclic heptapeptide and possess many isomers that are attributed to different compositions of the two variable amino acids in polypeptides. Among them, MC-LR exhibits the strongest toxicity [105]. A highly sensitive ECL-based apta-sensor was developed to detect MC-LR in water [80].…”

Assessment of cyanotoxins in water and fish in an African freshwater lagoon (Lagoon Aghien, Ivory Coast) and the application of WHO guidelines

“…3 10 4 cell mL − 1 , this genus is considered the main MC producer genus in Africa (see reviews ofMowe et al 2015;Chia et al 2022). It is known that the variations in MC concentration are partly explained by the variations in the proportions of MCproducing (MC+) and non-MC-producing (MC-) strains in Microcystis populations (e.g.,Briand et al 2009;Suominen et al 2017).…”