Genetic Diversity of the Cryptococcus gattii Species Complex in Mato Grosso State, Brazil

Maruyama, Fernanda Harumi; Paula, Daphine Ariadne Jesus de; Menezes, Isabela de Godoy; Favalessa, Olivia Cometti; Hahn, Rosane Christine; Almeida, Arleana do Bom Parto Ferreira de; Sousa, Valéria Régia Franco; Dutra, Valéria

doi:10.1007/s11046-018-0313-2

Cited by 14 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Regarding the C. gattii / neoformans species complex isolates (clades I and II), which comprised the vast majority of the clinical isolates, BLAST searches showed that our C. gattii isolates (clade I) belonged to the VGII genotype, named as C. deuterogatti ( Hagen et al., 2015 ). This is the main species recovered in Brazil from both environmental and clinical samples (Dos Freire et al., 2012 ; Maruyama et al., 2019 ; Santos Bentes et al., 2019 ). Following the same trend of other studies performed in Brazil ( Cogliati, 2013 ; Alves et al., 2016 ; Ferreira-Paim et al., 2017 ), our C. neoformans strains were all considered the former C .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Cryptococcus gattii/neoformans Species Complex to Related Genera (Papiliotrema and Naganishia) Reveal Variances in Virulence Associated Factors and Antifungal Susceptibility

Oliveira

Pinto

Medeiros

et al. 2021

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Cryptococcosis is an infectious disease of worldwide distribution, caused by encapsulated yeasts belonging to the phylum Basidiomycota. The genus Cryptococcus includes several species distributed around the world. The C. gattii/neoformans species complex is largely responsible for most cases of cryptococcosis. However, clinical series have been published of infections caused by Papiliotrema (Cryptococcus) laurentii and Naganishia albida (Cryptococcus albidus), among other related genera. Here, we examined the pathogenic potential and antifungal susceptibility of C. gattii/neoformans species complex (clades I and II) and related genera (Papiliotrema and Naganishia) isolated from environmental and clinical samples. P. laurentii (clade III), N. liquefasciens/N. albidosimilis (clade IV); and N. adeliensis/N. albida (clade V) strains produced higher levels of phospholipase and hemolysins, whereas the C. gattii/neoformans species complex strains (clades I and II) had markedly thicker capsules, produced more biofilm biomass and melanin, which are known virulence attributes. Interestingly, 40% of C. neoformans strains (clade II) had MICs above the ECV established for this species to amphotericin B. Several non-C. gattii/neoformans species complex (clades III to V) had MICs equal to or above the ECVs established for C. deuterogattii and C. neoformans for all the three antifungal drugs tested. Finally, all the non-C. gattii/neoformans clinical isolates (clades III to V) produced more melanin than the environmental isolates might reflect their particularly enhanced need for melanin during in vivo protection. It is very clear that C. gattii/neoformans species complex (clades I and II) strains, in general, show more similar virulence phenotypes between each other when compared to non-C. gattii/neoformans species complex (clades III to V) isolates. These observations together with the fact that P. laurentii and Naganishia spp. (clades III to V) strains were collected from the outside of a University Hospital, identify features of these yeasts important for environmental and patient colonization and furthermore, define mechanisms for infections with these uncommon pathogens.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Cryptococcus gattii/neoformans Species Complex to Related Genera (Papiliotrema and Naganishia) Reveal Variances in Virulence Associated Factors and Antifungal Susceptibility

Oliveira

Pinto

Medeiros

et al. 2021

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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“…deuterogattii strains. Moreover, offspring produced by sexual reproduction/recombination may be able to adapt to and colonize new environment[ 40 , 41 ]. In the mating assays of eleven clinical strains with the opposite mating type strains (AFLP6/VGII, AFLP2/VNIV and AFLP1/VNI), only the cross of AFLP6/VGII × AFLP2/VNIV exhibited mating response.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the present study, we found that all isolates harbored the MATα gene at the mating type locus, and three of six C. deuterogattii strains (GX0104, GX0105 and GX0147) were able to undergo sexual reproduction, thus recombination could be one of the causes for the genetic diversity among the Chinese C. deuterogattii strains. Moreover, offspring produced by sexual reproduction/recombination may be able to adapt to and colonize new environment [40,41]. In the mating assays of eleven clinical strains with the opposite mating type strains (AFLP6/ VGII, AFLP2/VNIV and AFLP1/VNI), only the cross of AFLP6/VGII × AFLP2/VNIV exhibited mating response.…”

Section: Plos Neglected Tropical Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Cryptococcus gattii species complex infections in Guangxi, southern China

et al. 2020

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The emergence and spread of cryptococcosis caused by the Cryptococcus gattii species complex has become a major public concern worldwide. C. deuterogattii (VGIIa) outbreaks in the Pacific Northwest region demonstrate the expansion of this fungal infection to temperate climate regions. However, infections due to the C. gattii species complex in China have rarely been reported. In this study, we studied eleven clinical strains of the C. gattii species complex isolated from Guangxi, southern China. The genetic identity and variability of these isolates were analyzed via multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), and the phylogenetic relationships among these isolates and global isolates were evaluated. The mating type, physiological features and antifungal susceptibilities of these isolates were also characterized. Among the eleven isolates, six belonged to C. deuterogattii, while five belonged to C. gattii sensu stricto. The C. deuterogattii strains from Guangxi, southern China were genetically variable and clustered with different clinical isolates from Brazil. All strains were MATα, and three C. deuterogattii isolates (GX0104, GX0105 and GX0147) were able to undergo sexual reproduction. Moreover, most strains had capsule and were capable of melanin production when compared to the outbreak strain from Canada. Most isolates were susceptible to antifungal drugs; yet one of eleven immunocompetent patients died of cryptococcal meningitis caused by C. deuterogattii (GX0147). Our study indicated that the highly pathogenic C. deuterogattii may be emerging in southern China, and effective nationwide surveillance of C. gattii species complex infection is necessary.

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“…neoformans VNI related ST, numerous C . deuterogattii STs seem to be linked specifically to a given geographical region [70–72]. Interestingly, ST 173 was first isolated in only one study from six patients, among whom five were immigrants from Africa to France and one was a resident of Senegal (http://mlst.mycologylab.org/Biolomics.aspx?Table=Sequence%20types%20C.%20gattii) [73].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptococcus genetic diversity and mixed infections in Ivorian HIV patients: A follow up study

et al. 2019

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Genetic diversity analyses were performed by sero-genotyping and multi-locus sequence typing on 252 cryptococcal isolates from 13 HIV-positive Ivorian patients followed-up for cryptococcal meningitis. Antifungal susceptibility analyses were performed according to the CLSI M27A3 method. The majority (67.8%) of the isolates belonged to the Cryptococcus neoformans (serotype A) species complex, with 93% being VNI and 7% being VNII. Cryptococcus deuterogattii VGII (serotype B) represented 16.7% of the strains, while C. neoformans/C. deneoformans VNIII (serotype AD) hybrids accounted for 15.1% of the strains. One strain (0.4%) was not identifiable. Nine different sequence types (STs 5, 6, 23, 40, 93, 207, 311, and a new ST; 555) were identified in the C. neoformans population, while the C. deuterogattii population comprised the single ST 173. The distribution of the strains showed that, while the majority of patients (9/13) harboured a single sequence type, 4 patients showed mixed infections. These patients experienced up to 4 shifts in strain content either at the species and/or ST level during their follow-up. This evolution of diversity over time led to the co-existence of up to 3 different Cryptococcus species and 4 different ST within the same individual during the course of infection. Susceptibility testing showed that all strains were susceptible to amphotericin B while 3.6% of them had a none-wild type phenotype to 5-flucytosine. Concerning fluconazole, 2.9% of C.neoformans serotype A strains and 2.4% of C. deuterogattii had also respectively a none-wild type phenotype to this molecule. All C. neoformans x C. deneoformans serotype AD hybrids had however a wild type phenotype to fluconazole. The present study showed that mixed infections exist and could be of particular importance for care outcomes. Indeed, (i) the different Cryptococcus species are known to exhibit different virulence and different susceptibility patterns to antifungal drugs and (ii) the strains genetic diversity within the samples may influence the susceptibility to antifungal treatment.

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Genetic Diversity of the Cryptococcus gattii Species Complex in Mato Grosso State, Brazil

Cited by 14 publications

References 35 publications

Comparison of Cryptococcus gattii/neoformans Species Complex to Related Genera (Papiliotrema and Naganishia) Reveal Variances in Virulence Associated Factors and Antifungal Susceptibility

Comparison of Cryptococcus gattii/neoformans Species Complex to Related Genera (Papiliotrema and Naganishia) Reveal Variances in Virulence Associated Factors and Antifungal Susceptibility

Emerging Cryptococcus gattii species complex infections in Guangxi, southern China

Cryptococcus genetic diversity and mixed infections in Ivorian HIV patients: A follow up study

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