Genetic diversity of tomato-infecting Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) isolates in Korea

Abstract

Epidemic outbreaks of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) diseases occurred in greenhouse grown tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants of Busan (TYLCV-Bus), Boseong (TYLCV-Bos), Hwaseong (TYLCV-Hwas), Jeju Island (TYLCV-Jeju), and Nonsan (TYLCV-Nons) in Korea during 2008-2009. Tomato disease by TYLCV has never occurred in Korea before. We synthesized the full-length genomes of each TYLCV isolate from the tomato plants collected at each area and determined their nucleotides (nt) sequences and deduced the amino acids of six open reading frames in the genomes. TYLCV-Bus and -Bos genomes shared higher nt identities with four Japanese isolates -Ng, -Omu, -Mis, and -Miy. On the other hand, TYLCV-Hwas, -Jeju, and -Nons genomes shared higher nt identities with five Chinese isolates TYLCV-AH1, -ZJ3, -ZJHZ12, -SH2, -Sh10, and two Japanese isolates -Han and -Tosa. On the basis of a neighbor-joining tree, five Korean TYLCV isolates were separated into three clades. TYLCV-Bus and -Bos formed the first clade, clustering with four Japanese isolates TYLCV-Mis, -Omu, -Ng, and -Miy. TYLCV-Jeju and -Nons formed the second clade, clustering with two Chinese isolates -ZJHZ212 and -Sh10. TYLCV-Hwas was clustered with two Japanese isolates -Han and -Tosa and three Chinese isolates -AH1, -ZJ3, and -SH2. Two fragments that had a potentially recombinant origin were identified using the RDP, GENECONV, BootScan, MaxChi, Chimaera, SiScan, and 3Seq methods implemented in RDP3.41. On the basis of RDP analysis, all TYLCV isolates could originated from the interspecies recombination between TYLCV-Mld[PT] isolated from Portugal as a major parent and TYLCTHV-MM isolated from Myanmar as a minor parent.

Ongoing geographical spread of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus

“…Other inferred dispersal events of TYLCV-IL also correspond with actual observations, for example the arrival of the virus in Egypt during the early 1980s (Nakhla et al, 1993), in Japan in 1996, in China in 2006 and in South Korea in 2008 (Kenyon et al, 2014;Kim et al, 2011;Lee et al, 2010;Ueda et al, 2012).…”

Genetic diversity, host range, and distribution of tomato yellow leaf curl virus in Iran

“…The extraordinary outbreak of TYLCV in these regions could be due to the warm weather conditions to upper latitude (Morales and Jones, 2004;Jones, 2009) that may favor the vector activity, virus replication or host susceptibility. It is also possible that TYLCV was introduced to the Northern provinces by the exchanges of TYLCV-infected seedlings, plant materials or by viruliferous whiteflies from infected countries in the Middle East region to the southern regions of Iran (Navas-Castillo et al, 1999;Kim et al, 2011). It has been recently elucidated that Mediterranean basin and Middle East are the main launch-pad of global TYLCV movements (Lefeuvre et al, 2010).…”

Pathogenicity and insect transmission of a begomovirus complex between tomato yellow leaf curl virus and Ageratum yellow vein betasatellite

“…Native weeds act as natural reservoirs of begomoviruses, and can play an important role in the emergence of viral epidemics in crops [28]. TYLCV, which originated in the Middle East, has been also reported in China, Korea and Japan [4,7,8,29,30]. TYLCD caused by mixed infections of TYLCV and AYVHuV has also been identified in the fields in a subtropical region of Japan (unpublished data).…”