Genetic Effect of Migratory Compounds From Bottled Natural Drinking Water Stored Under Direct Sunlight

Abstract

The drinking water is one of the important routes for human exposure to contaminants through releasing of antimony (Sb) and polymers from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sunlight on chemical compounds migration into PET-bottled water and studying the cytotoxicity of di-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-octyl phthalate (DOP) by SMART in Drosophila melanogaster. Four random water bottle samples produced by various companies as: A (PET, clear, 0.6L), B (PET, clear, 1.5L), C (PET, blue, 1.5L) and D (polycarbonate PC, blue, 19L) for studying the effect of direct sunlight exposure on migration of antimony and phthalates. Experiment was carried out in the presence of sunlight (7 h daily) for 210 day. The migrated compounds profile (µg/L) that detected sample (A) before storage were only two compounds formaldehyde (FA) and acetaldehyde (AA) out of nine compounds.During storage under sunlight, four compounds (Sb), bis-phenol A (BPA), dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and diethyl phthalate (DEP) were increased till 30th day then did not affect till the end of storage. Other detected compounds were continuously progressed till the end of storage with different rates. The highest rate was appeared in case of FA, it was 222 fold followed by DOP compound (173 fold) as well as DBP (75.3 fold) and finally the AA compound with 17.9 fold. Regarding to another sample B, only 3 compounds (BPA, DMP and DBP) were not detected at zero time. The AA compound was detected with the highest concentration (0.9µg/L) and the lowest one was DOP (0.007µg/L). Only four compounds were detected before storage named Sb, DOP, FA and AA, the lowest level (0.006µg/L) was noticed in DOP, while the moderate level was recorded in FA (0.03µg/L) and Sb (0.08µg/L). Other detected compounds; i.e. DBP, DOP, AA and FA were consequently increased with higher levels. This study investigated genotoxic effects of (DBP) and (DOP) at 30µg/ml concentration using the somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART). The cytotoxicity of the tested phthalate compounds was also assessed at five different concentrations 0.5, 1, 5, 10 and 20µg/ml in two types of human cell lines; liver cancer (HepG2), colon cancer (HCT-116) using neutral red cytotoxicity assay. All of tested compounds significantly showed high levels of tumor induction and frequency compared to the negative control in SMART assay. It was also reduced the viability of the HepG2 cell lines cells using different concentrations and the highest cytotoxic effect. While, on HCT-116 showed no cytotoxic effect.