Genetic engineering contribution to developing cyanobacteria-based hydrogen energy to reduce carbon emissions and establish a hydrogen economy

Policy Implementation Roadmap, Diverse Perspectives, Challenges, Solutions Towards Low-Carbon Hydrogen Economy

“…Policymakers must provide a solid, long-term policy and regulatory framework that directs the transition to a clean energy economy in all sectors if they want hydrogen to play a significant role in the decarbonisation of the energy system. All parties involved in this transformation must work together to coordinate (Ballo et al, 2022;Kamshybayeva et al, 2024;Hong et al, 2023) . The advantages of economies and, subsequently, a decrease in the cost of hydrogen technologies would result from the harmonisation of standards and safety regulations for hydrogen production and its usage across geographical regions and industries; this harmonisation will occur primarily because of safer conduction of research as well free flow adaptation of the technology for industrialisation.…”

Current status and emerging frontiers in enzyme engineering: An industrial perspective

“…The development of enzymes with desired properties at relatively inexpensive production costs has become possible through the use of genetic engineering [ 46 ]. In order to assist with substrate solubility and product extraction, the enzymes can be designed to function on a variety of substrates and concentrations, extremes pH, temperatures, and pressure, and stability in non-aqueous solvents [ 7 , 14 ]. Since discovered enzymes are adapted to their natural surroundings, they naturally lack such characteristics [ 10 ].…”

“…Consequently, in order to achieve the essential stability and activity, the enzyme must be modified [ 7 ]. Protein engineering presents remarkable opportunities for the design of commercial enzymes at reduced production costs [ 14 ]. There are three primary approaches to enzyme engineering: directed evolution, rational design, or semi-rational design, which combines the first two techniques.…”

“…This is because they can reduce the use of natural resources, minimize adverse effects on the environment, increase efficiency, be economically viable, and produce high-quality products [ [5] , [6] , [7] , [8] , [11] , [12] , [13] ]. Furthermore, microbial enzymes have the ability to either convert or degrade harmful chemical substances found in household and industrial waste, including nitriles, amines, phenolics, and xenobiotics [ 2 , 7 , 14 ]. Microbial and plant-based enzymes like hydrolases and pectinases have been utilized extensively in manufacturing food items like juice, milk and its derivatives, beer, and bread [ 15 ].…”