Genetic engineering of complex feed enzymes into barley seed for direct utilization in animal feedstuff

Abstract

Summary Currently, feed enzymes are primarily obtained through fermentation of fungi, bacteria, and other microorganisms. Although the manufacturing technology for feed enzymes has evolved rapidly, the activities of these enzymes decline during the granulating process and the cost of application has increased over time. An alternative approach is the use of genetically modified plants containing complex feed enzymes for direct utilization in animal feedstuff. We co‐expressed three commonly used feed enzymes (phytase, β‐glucanase, and xylanase) in barley seeds using the Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation method and generated a new barley germplasm. The results showed that these enzymes were stable and had no effect on the development of the seeds. Supplementation of the basal diet of laying hens with only 8% of enzyme‐containing seeds decreased the quantities of indigestible carbohydrates, improved the availability of phosphorus, and reduced the impact of animal production on the environment to an extent similar to directly adding exogenous enzymes to the feed. Feeding enzyme‐containing seeds to layers significantly increased the strength of the eggshell and the weight of the eggs by 10.0%–11.3% and 5.6%–7.7% respectively. The intestinal microbiota obtained from layers fed with enzyme‐containing seeds was altered compared to controls and was dominated by Alispes and Rikenella. Therefore, the transgenic barley seeds produced in this study can be used as an ideal feedstuff for use in animal feed.

Molecular Modification Strategies of Nitrilase for Its Potential Application in Agriculture

“…Xylanase and β-glucanase are the two main nonstarch polysaccharide (NSP) digesting enzymes in feed, and phytase can release the phosphate locked in the phytate, thus ultimately making it available to single-stomach animals. 166 For example, adding xylanase and phytase to a deoiled rice bran (DORB) diet improved the physiological status and growth performance of Labeo rohita. 167 In summary, accurate and rapid modification of nitrilases to increase their acid resistance, protease resistance, stability and ease of preparation and increase their stability and ease of preparation, according to agricultural and food application scenarios will greatly improve the potential application value of nitrilases in agriculture (FIG 4).…”

“…Since the structure of feed components is complex and there are various chemical bonds of complex carbohydrates, polysaccharides and crude fibers, multienzyme preparation is more suitable for fermented feed than single enzymes. , At present, many enzymes have been used in feed additives. Xylanase and β-glucanase are the two main nonstarch polysaccharide (NSP) digesting enzymes in feed, and phytase can release the phosphate locked in the phytate, thus ultimately making it available to single-stomach animals . For example, adding xylanase and phytase to a deoiled rice bran (DORB) diet improved the physiological status and growth performance of Labeo rohita …”