Genetic Evidence for the Synonymy of Two &lt;I&gt;Reticulitermes&lt;/I&gt; Species: &lt;I&gt;Reticulitermes flavipes&lt;/I&gt; and &lt;I&gt;Reticulitermes santonensis&lt;/I&gt;

Austin, James W.; Szalanski, Allen L.; Scheffrahn, Rudolf H.; Messenger, Matthew T.; Dronnet, Stéphanie; Bagnères, Anne‐Geneviève

doi:10.1603/0013-8746(2005)098[0395:geftso]2.0.co;2

Cited by 79 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…However, modern species of Reticulitermes are not adapted to taiga, suggesting that Reticulitermes dispersed between the Nearctic and the Palaearctic realms by rafting across ocean, or using the land bridge across Iceland that possibly existed during the Miocene [61]. Our ancestral range reconstruction concurred with previous studies that showed that the French R. santonensis is a synonym of the American R. flavipes and was introduced into France by humans [55,62].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

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Oceanic dispersal, vicariance and human introduction shaped the modern distribution of the termitesReticulitermes,HeterotermesandCoptotermes

Bourguignon

Šobotník

et al. 2016

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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Reticulitermes, Heterotermes and Coptotermes form a small termite clade with partly overlapping distributions. Although native species occur across all continents, the factors influencing their distribution are poorly known. Here, we reconstructed the historical biogeography of these termites using mitochondrial genomes of species collected on six continents. Our analyses showed that Reticulitermes split from Heterotermes þ Coptotermes at 59.5 Ma (49.9 -69.5 Ma 95% CI), yet the oldest split within Reticulitermes (Eurasia and North America) is 16.1 Ma (13.4 -19.5 Ma) and the oldest split within Heterotermes þ Coptotermes is 36.0 Ma (33.9 -40.5 Ma). We detected 14 disjunctions between biogeographical realms, all of which occurred within the last 34 Ma, not only after the break-up of Pangaea, but also with the continents in similar to current positions. Land dispersal over land bridges explained four disjunctions, oceanic dispersal by wood rafting explained eight disjunctions, and human introduction was the source of two recent disjunctions. These wood-eating termites, therefore, appear to have acquired their modern worldwide distribution through multiple dispersal processes, with oceanic dispersal and human introduction favoured by the ecological traits of nesting in wood and producing replacement reproductives.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Old World Reticulitermes species were monophyletic but the origin of the distribution patterns between Palaearctic, SinoJapanese and Oriental species was unresolved. The Palaearctic (France) R. santonensis, synonymized with R. flavipes [55] figure 2).…”

Section: (C) Biogeographic Reconstructionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oceanic dispersal, vicariance and human introduction shaped the modern distribution of the termitesReticulitermes,HeterotermesandCoptotermes

Bourguignon

Šobotník

et al. 2016

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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“…The same was observed with R. flavipes previously (Tholen and Brune, 2000), a species considered synonymous to R. santonensis (Austin et al, 2005). Similar results were also obtained with C. secundus, the termite species that accumulated only moderate amounts of H 2 .…”

Section: Processes Involved In Hydrogen Turnoversupporting

confidence: 84%

“…Figure 4; based on the lactate pool (R. santonensis, 0.2 nmol; C. secundus, 1.9 nmol) and formate pool (C. secundus, 0.8 nmol) of embedded hindguts of the particular batch of termites at the time point of injection. The CO 2 emission rate of this termite batch was above average ( Data from Tholen and Brune (2000) obtained for R. flavipes, a species synonymous to R. santonensis (Austin et al, 2005). Rates were calculated using only data points obtained within the first 2 min after injection.…”

Section: Hydrogen Metabolism In Termite Gutsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen is the central free intermediate during lignocellulose degradation by termite gut symbionts

2007

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The key role of free hydrogen in the digestion of lignocellulose by wood-feeding lower termites and their symbiotic gut microbiota has been conceptually outlined in the past decades but remains to be quantitatively analyzed in situ. Using Reticulitermes santonensis, Zootermopsis nevadensis and Cryptotermes secundus, we determined metabolite fluxes involved in hydrogen turnover and the resulting distribution of H 2 in the microliter-sized gut. High-resolution hydrogen microsensor profiles revealed pronounced differences in hydrogen accumulation among the species (from o1 kPa to the saturation level). However, flux measurements indicated that the hydrogen pool was rapidly turned over in all termites, irrespective of the degree of accumulation. Microinjection of radiotracers into intact guts confirmed that reductive acetogenesis from CO 2 dominated hydrogen consumption, whereas methanogenesis played only a minor role. Only negligible amounts of H 2 were lost by emission, documenting an overall equilibrium between hydrogen production and consumption within the gut. Mathematical modeling revealed that production dominates in the gut lumen and consumption in the gut periphery for R. santonensis and Z. nevadensis, explaining the large accumulation of H 2 in these termites, whereas the moderate hydrogen accumulation in C. secundus indicated a more balanced radial distribution of the two processes. Daily hydrogen turnover rates were 9-33 m 3 H 2 per m 3 hindgut volume, corresponding to 22-26% of the respiratory activity of the termites. This makes H 2 the central free intermediate during lignocellulose degradation and the termite gut-with its high rates of reductive acetogenesis-the smallest and most efficient natural bioreactor currently known. The ISME Journal (2007) 1, 551-565; doi:10.1038/ismej.2007 IntroductionTermites inhabit about two-thirds of Earth's terrestrial surface and play important roles in the global carbon cycle (Lee and Wood, 1971;Wood and Sands, 1978;Collins and Wood, 1984;Sanderson, 1996;Bignell and Eggleton, 2000). Recently, wood-feeding termites received additional attention because lignocellulose degradation by their symbiotic gut microbiota presumably produces large amounts of hydrogen, an emerging 'clean' energy carrier (Dunn, 2002).Lignocellulose is the most abundant renewable resource of the biosphere. It consists mainly of cellulose and hemicelluloses, both of which are degraded with high efficiency during gut passage by the termite (65-99%, reviewed in Breznak and Brune, 1994). Although termites secrete their own cellulases and hemicellulases into foregut and midgut (Inoue et al., 1997;Watanabe and Tokuda, 2001;Tokuda et al., 2004Tokuda et al., , 2005, it is generally accepted that most of the polysaccharide degradation in lower termites occurs in the enlarged hindgut (Inoue et al., 1997;Tokuda et al., 2005), a bioreactorlike compartment with increased retention time and tightly packed with microorganisms (Breznak and Brune, 1994;Brune, 1998).In lower termites, the hindgut microbiota compr...

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“…Reticulitermes flavipes (ex santonensis De Feytaud [23]) were collected on Oleron Island, France. The culture was maintained in a laboratory on wet wood (pine wood gradually replaced by poplar wood) at 27˝C and 70% humidity.…”

Section: Termites Culture Conditions and Artificial Dietsmentioning

confidence: 99%

GC×GC-TOFMS for the Analysis of Metabolites Produced by Termites (Reticulitermes flavipes) Bred on Different Carbon Sources

et al. 2016

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Abstract:More and more studies are dedicated to termites and their symbionts, to better understand how they efficiently produce energy from lignocellulose. In that context, a powerful analytical method was developed to perform the detection, separation and identification of compounds in the 1 µL fluid volume of the gut of the termite Reticulitermes flavipes. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCˆGC) coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) was tested with three different column combinations: (1) low-polar/mid-polar; (2) polar/low-polar and (3) mid-polar/low-polar. The column set (3) offered the best separation and was chosen for further analysis and comparison study. Metabolites were detected in the samples, including amino acids, sugars, amines and organic acids. Samples collected from termites fed for 30 days on Avicel cellulose or xylan powder diets were analyzed and compared with the wood diet. Principal component analysis (PCA) of metabolite profiles demonstrated a separation of different clusters corresponding to the three different diets, with a similar trend for diets containing cellulose. The Analysis of variance (ANOVA) (one way-ANOVA and Tukey's test) was used to compare compound levels between these three different diets. Significant differences were observed, including higher levels of aromatic derivatives in the wood diet and higher levels of sugar alcohols in the xylan diet. A higher accumulation of uric acid was observed with the artificial diets (cellulose and xylan), likely to be related to the nitrogen deficiency. The present study highlighted the capability of adaptation of the termite system to non-optimal carbon sources and the subsequent modification of the metabolite profile. These results demonstrate the potential interest to investigate metabolite profiling with state-of-the-art separation science tools, in order to extract information that could be integrated with other omics data to provide more insight into the termite-symbiont digestion system.

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Genetic Evidence for the Synonymy of Two <I>Reticulitermes</I> Species: <I>Reticulitermes flavipes</I> and <I>Reticulitermes santonensis</I>

Cited by 79 publications

References 25 publications

Oceanic dispersal, vicariance and human introduction shaped the modern distribution of the termitesReticulitermes,HeterotermesandCoptotermes

Oceanic dispersal, vicariance and human introduction shaped the modern distribution of the termitesReticulitermes,HeterotermesandCoptotermes

Hydrogen is the central free intermediate during lignocellulose degradation by termite gut symbionts

GC×GC-TOFMS for the Analysis of Metabolites Produced by Termites (Reticulitermes flavipes) Bred on Different Carbon Sources

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