Genetic heterogeneity among parapoxviruses isolated from sheep, cattle and Japanese serows (Capricornis crispus)

Abstract

Standard strains of four parapoxviruses and seven unclassified Japanese strains isolated from sheep, cattle and wild Japanese serows (Capricornis crispus) were compared molecularly. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of viral DNA, indirect immunofluorescence assays using monoclonal antibodies, partial nucleotide sequencing of the envelope gene, phylogenetic analysis and PCR-RFLP were carried out. These analyses revealed that the parapoxviruses were divided into four groups and the region sequenced in this study was highly conserved within each group. Each of the Japanese isolates was classified into one of these groups. These findings also indicated that parapoxvirus infections among wild Japanese serows seem to be caused by at least two different parapoxviruses, bovine papular stomatitis virus and orf virus. The methods presented here are useful for genetic characterization and classification of parapoxviruses.The genus Parapoxvirus in the family Poxviridae has four members, orf virus (ORFV), bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV), pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) and parapoxvirus of red deer in New Zealand (PVNZ). Parapoxvirus infections are widespread in ruminants worldwide. Parapoxviruses generally induce mild papular dermatitis around the mouth, teats and skin of affected animals such as sheep, goats, cattle and some wild species (Esposito et al

Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of caprine Orf virus in Malaysia

“…The clinical signs of CE is the first diagnostic tool in the field. Techniques such as cell culture [19,26,28] and PCR have been used for virus isolation and detection [9,14,15,19,26,28]. PCR was evaluated as a fast, cheap and valid technique for virus detection.…”

“…PCR was evaluated as a fast, cheap and valid technique for virus detection. The most common genes used are B2L gene; a highly immunogenic envelope gene [19,26,28] and Orf F1L gene; an immunodominant gene [1,9,12,14,15,18,19,26,28].…”

Isolation and Characterization of a Parapoxvirus from Sheep with Papular Stomatitis

“…Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and cross-hybridization of viral DNA are also used 15 . We have previously demonstrated that phylogenetic analysis of partial sequences of the viral envelope gene and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-RFLP are useful for the differentiation of parapoxviruses 6 . Recent genetic studies suggest that seal poxvirus (SPV) should be included in the genus Parapoxvirus 1 but squirrel poxvirus may be classified into a different genus although the morphological features observed by electron microscopy are the same as for parapoxvirus 18 .…”

“…Some ORFVs were isolated from cases of bovine papular stomatitis in cattle and some BPSVs were isolated from sheep 15 . Moreover, both ORFV and BPSV cause pustular dermatitis in Japanese serows (Capricornis crispus) 6,7 and both ORFV and PCPV also cause papular stomatitis in Finnish reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) 19 . In addition, experimental transmission of parapoxvirus from the Japanese serow to sheep, goats and cattle has succeeded 11,13,14 .…”

Serological and Epidemiological Studies of Parapoxvirus Infection in Cattle in Ishikawa Prefecture

“…Although parapoxvirus infections in Japanese serows are mainly caused by ORFVs 3 , as mentioned above, ORFVs can infect cattle, and experimental infection from Japanese serow to cattle was successful 7 . On the other hand, a BPSV Ishikawa-S strain was previously isolated from a Japanese serow, not a cow, in Ishikawa Prefecture 2,14 . These findings indicate the possibility that the virus cycles between cattle and Japanese serows and that the spread of parapoxvirus infections in cattle is correlated with the expanding range of the Japanese serows.…”