Genetic heterogeneity of CTX-M type extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli strains from diverse sources in Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Background: The rise of CTX-M extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBLs)-producing E. coli in non-human sources is a growing concern of public health. Understanding the extent of public health risk attributed to CTX-M type ESBLs-producing strains from different sources is critical for effective control.

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae in cattle production – a threat around the world

“…The second continent with the highest number of countries reporting E-ESBL in cattle is Asia, which shows description of E-ESBL in 13 countries (China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Japan, Lebanon, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Thailand and Taiwan), highlighting China and India which are the fourth and fifth largest cattle producers in the world (Adler et al, 2015;Ali et al, 2017;Barzan et al, 2017;Diab et al, 2016;Hassan et al, 2015;Hinthong et al, 2017;Kamaruzzaman, 2015;Koovapra et al, 2016;Ohnishi et al, 2013a;Su et al, 2016;Sudarwanto et al, 2016;Tark et al, 2017). They have different roles in the import and export scenario, as India is the world's largest exporter of cattle and China the largest importer, since its internal production is not sufficient for internal consumption (USDA et al, 2017).…”