Genetic improvements in major US crops: the size and distribution of benefits

Frisvold, George B.; Sullivan, John; Raneses, Anton

doi:10.1016/s0169-5150(02)00100-7

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…They note that Bt adopters not only use less insecticide, but also use proportionally less of the predominant type of cotton pesticide, thereby reducing resistance to those pesticides. Frisvold et al (2003) show that adoption of Bt cotton has reduced pesticide applications in cotton by 60 percent, though the yield effects are on average small (below 10 percent). Falck-Zepeda et al (2000) examine the yield-increasing and pesticide-reducing benefits associated with adoption of Bt cotton in the United States and find that U.S. farmers benefit the most, receiving about 59 percent of the estimated $240 million in benefits per year.…”

Section: Agricultural Biotechnologymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Economics of Pesticides and Pest Control

Sexton

2007

IRERE

132

116

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Pesticides have been a major contributor to the growth of agricultural productivity and food supply. Yet, they are a source of concern because of human and environmental health side effects. This paper presents methodologies for assessing the productivity and health effects of pesticides. It also provides an overview of some of the major empirical findings. This paper covers major research that analyzes alternative approaches to address issues of resistance buildup, risk and environmental and human health, predator-prey relationships, as well as dynamic considerations. The paper summarizes existing policies that vary from the prescribed social optimum suggested by economic theory to those motivated by political-economy factors and risk aversion. Analysis is provided to relate pesticide policies to the larger context of agricultural and environmental management. This paper also presents recent modeling of invasive species and agricultural biotechnology.

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Section: Agricultural Biotechnologymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Economics of Pesticides and Pest Control

Sexton

2007

IRERE

132

116

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“…For example, Pimentel et al (1997) estimated that the introduction of new genes and genetic modifications through crossing with wild relatives contributes approximately $20 billion yr −1 in increased crop yields to the United States and an estimated $115 billion yr −1 worldwide. Studies on economic values of crop genetic resources also demonstrated the option values of conserving genetic resources as a societal insurance against crop failure or other unanticipated risks (Simpson and Sedjo, 1998; Frisvold et al, 2003; Simpson, 2005; Foltz, 2009). Without sufficient public investment to secure germplasm conservation for enhanced diversification in plant breeding, future history will likely repeat the 1970 to 1971 economic loss of $1 billion dollars (or current value of $3.8 billion) alone from the southern leaf corn blight epidemics (Harlan, 1972; Ullstrup, 1972).…”

Section: Analysis Of Critical Issues In Genebanksmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Vulnerability of Plant Genetic Resources Conserved Ex Situ

2017

Crop Science

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The realized dangers of genetic erosion in plant genetic resources have prompted political and scientific movements around the world to conserve plant genetic resources over the last 50 yr. More than 7 million plant germplasm accessions are currently conserved in 1750 genebanks worldwide, and about two million accessions are estimated to be unique. The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture was established to conserve and utilize these plant genetic resources. However, long‐term conservation of such a large volume of diverse germplasm remains a challenging mission. Many critical issues affecting genebank sustainability have emerged. Of note are the vulnerability of genebanks and the risk of within‐genebank genetic erosion through genetic drift and viability selection. Here, we review the overall conservation efforts over the last 50 yr, analyze the critical issues in genebanks, and identify the elements that threaten long‐term germplasm conservation. Measures are explored with the hope to mitigate variable threats for genebank sustainability and to secure a food supply for humanity for generations to come.

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“…Nonetheless, economists have sought to estimate some of the benefits of crop genetic resources. Numerous studies have demonstrated the substantial benefits of genetic enhancement in commercial agriculture (e.g., Thirtle, 1985;Byerlee and Traxler, 1995;Pardey et al, 1996;Frisvold et al, 2003), but the methods applied do not dissociate the value of the research effort from the value of genetic resources. By invoking additional assumptions, it is possible to estimate the current and ex-pected future benefits from direct use of an accession, such as a breeding line, as a progenitor in the research effort.…”

Section: Economic Value Of Plant Genetic Resources Conserved In Genebmentioning

confidence: 99%

Demand for Genetic Resources and the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System

2006

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Although genetic resources have strong public-goods characteristics, public genebanks often have struggled for adequate funding. A review of economic literature on the value of plant genetic resources indicated that more information is needed about germplasm use. The data compiled in this paper examine patterns of germplasm use for one of the world's largest national genebank networks, the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS). Data on 10 major crops, gathered directly from within the NPGS and from end-users, revealed patterns of usage for germplasm during the period from 1995 to 1999. Data were collected describing the characteristics of NPGS users, the types of germplasm requested, the purpose of requests, and, when applicable, the specific traits sought. From these findings, we estimated the utility of distributed materials, their secondary use, and projected future demand for NPGS resources. To explore relationships between the usefulness of germplasm samples and accompanying data in a more systematic fashion, we estimated a linear regression. The regression model suggests that accompanying data make germplasm more useful. We conclude that demand for NPGS resources was substantial and came from broad range of users. Utilization rates were higher than suggested by past studies. Countries with developing economies made greater use of NPGS resources, relatively speaking, than did countries with high-income economies. Finally, demand for NPGS resources is likely to increase, especially among users in countries with developing economies. Demand for Genetic Resources and the U.S. National Plant Germplasm SystemKelly Day Rubenstein,* Melinda Smale, and Mark P. Widrlechner ABSTRACT Although genetic resources have strong public-goods characteristics, public genebanks often have struggled for adequate funding. A review of economic literature on the value of plant genetic resources indicated that more information is needed about germplasm use. The data compiled in this paper examine patterns of germplasm use for one of the world's largest national genebank networks, the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS). Data on 10 major crops, gathered directly from within the NPGS and from end-users, revealed patterns of usage for germplasm during the period from 1995 to 1999. Data were collected describing the characteristics of NPGS users, the types of germplasm requested, the purpose of requests, and, when applicable, the specific traits sought. From these findings, we estimated the utility of distributed materials, their secondary use, and projected future demand for NPGS resources. To explore relationships between the usefulness of germplasm samples and accompanying data in a more systematic fashion, we estimated a linear regression. The regression model suggests that accompanying data make germplasm more useful. We conclude that demand for NPGS resources was substantial and came from broad range of users. Utilization rates were higher than suggested by past studies. Countries with developing economies m...

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Genetic improvements in major US crops: the size and distribution of benefits

Cited by 8 publications

References 42 publications

The Economics of Pesticides and Pest Control

The Economics of Pesticides and Pest Control

The Vulnerability of Plant Genetic Resources Conserved Ex Situ

Demand for Genetic Resources and the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System

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