Genetic Kinship Investigation from Blood Groups to DNA Markers

Abstract

The forensic application of hereditary characteristics became possible after the discovery of human blood groups by Karl Landsteiner in 1901. The foundation for their use in kinship investigation was laid by Emil von Dungern and Ludwig Hirschfeld in 1910 by clarification of the inheritance of the ABO groups. Up to the middle of the 20th century further red cell membrane systems were discovered. From the 1920s Fritz Schiff and Georg Strassmann fought for the introduction of blood groups into forensic kinship investigation. A new era of hemogenetics was opened from 1955 as genetic polymorphisms were described in serum proteins. Starting in 1958 there followed the complex HLA system of white blood cells, which from 1963 was joined by polymophisms in erythrocyte enzymes. Therefore, from the 1980s, it was possible to clarify the majority of kinship cases with a combination of conventional markers. From 1990 to 2000 the conventional markers were gradually replaced by the more effective DNA markers. Simultaneously typing shifted from the phenotype level to the genotype level. The genomic structure of con ventional genetic markers could also now be explained. As a reflection of scientific progress the legal situation also changed, particularly in the form of the official guidelines for kinship investigation.

Forensic genetics through the lens of Lewontin: population structure, ancestry and race

“…By contrast, a non-match is strong evidence that can exclude a suspect at just this single locus, as recognized by Landsteiner [4]: 'to detect the non-identity of blood samples'. Forensic biologists went on to combine sets of these classical polymorphisms to reduce the random match probability (RMP; figure 2), the chance that two different individuals have matching genotypes [2], and exploited their Mendelian inherited nature in kinship testing [7]. If genetic loci are unlinked and the population is randomly mating, then independent inheritance means that, in principle, their allele frequencies can be multiplied in deriving genotype frequencies-this is known as the product rule.…”

Olay Yerlerinden Biyolojik Delillerin Toplanması ve Saklanması

“…Bu markırlar, genel olarak; kan grubu antijenleri, eritrosit izoenzimleri, serum ve plazma proteinleri, hemoglobin varyantları ve HLA antijenleri olmuştur(Ikemoto, 1995). üzerinde bulunan kan lekelerinin kan grupları tiplendirilerek kişilerin farklılaştırılması ve ayırt edilmesi mümkün hale gelmiştir(Geserick & Wirth, 2012). ABO kan gruplarının adli alanda kullanılmasıyla, kan gruplarında görülen Bombay fenotipi ve sekretörlük özelliği önem kazanmıştır.ABO kan gruplarında görülen Bombay fenotipi, annelik/babalık tayininde önemlidir.…”

Kayıp Kişilerin DNA-Bazlı Yöntemlerle Kimliklendirilmesi

“…Bu markırlar, genel olarak; kan grubu antijenleri, eritrosit izoenzimleri, serum ve plazma proteinleri, hemoglobin varyantları ve HLA antijenleri olmuştur(Ikemoto, 1995). üzerinde bulunan kan lekelerinin kan grupları tiplendirilerek kişilerin farklılaştırılması ve ayırt edilmesi mümkün hale gelmiştir(Geserick & Wirth, 2012). ABO kan gruplarının adli alanda kullanılmasıyla, kan gruplarında görülen Bombay fenotipi ve sekretörlük özelliği önem kazanmıştır.ABO kan gruplarında görülen Bombay fenotipi, annelik/babalık tayininde önemlidir.…”