Genetic Modification of Animals: Scientific and Ethical Issues

Bailey, Jarrod

doi:10.1163/9789004391192_020

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 140 publications

(157 reference statements)

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“…The report lists a number of other species whose genome has been altered, e.g., rats, other fish, domestic fowl, rabbits, xenopus and marmosets. The CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) technique seems to be the driver, as this technique is much easier and cheaper to use, predicting a further rise in the number of species as well as the overall number of altered animals (Bailey, 2019). There has been controversy about the specificity of the CRISPR technique (Peng et al, 2016).…”

Section: Severity Of Animal Use In Research and Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

New European Union statistics on laboratory animal use – what really counts!

Busquet

Kleensang

Rovida

et al. 2020

ALTEX

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These days, with a world in lockdown because of the COVID-19 crisis, show us impressively the importance of statistics for policy and public health decisions. Less acute, but a topic that is driving discussions in our part of the life sciences, after seven years AbstractSeven years after the last release, the European Commission has again collated and released data on laboratory animal use. The new report is the first to correspond to the requirements of the new Directive 2010/63/EU. Beside minor problems in reporting, the new reporting format is a major step forward, with additional new categories like severity allowing insight into animal use related questions that goes far beyond the previous reports. An in-depth analysis confirms a slight decrease in animal use from 2015 to 2017, but also compared to the 2005, 2008 and 2011 reports, though the new reporting scheme makes this comparison difficult. Notable success is evident for replacing rabbit pyrogen testing but, in general, the implementation of accepted alternative methods lags behind expectations. Beside the roughly 10 million animals per year covered in the report, about 8 million animals were identified that fall under the Directive but are not included in this number. Their omission downplays the impact of REACH on animal use. The report, second to none in its detail internationally, represents an important instrument for benchmarking and strategically focusing activities in the 3Rs. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is appropriately cited.

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Section: Severity Of Animal Use In Research and Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

New European Union statistics on laboratory animal use – what really counts!

Busquet

Kleensang

Rovida

et al. 2020

ALTEX

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“…This is particularly relevant to the creation of GM animals, which will be an area in which CRISPR is heavily used, and for which there are serious ethical/welfare consequences and considerations. I recently questioned claims about CRISPR's high degree of efficiency and specificity, and reviewed the evidence supporting a much more prudent approach, which is urged by some stakeholders [2]. To illustrate, recent reports have highlighted slightly improved, though still very poor efficiencies, which when one looks for precision, amount to a few percent at most [3].…”

Section: Crispr-mediated Gene Editing: Scientific and Ethical Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Poor efficiency and specificity are acknowledged to be a serious welfare issue, with every stage of the creation and breeding of GM animals potentially involving pain and suffering to some degree, and which may not be fully appreciated and taken into account in harm-benefit analyses [8,9]. There exists significant evidence of failed translation of data from GM animals to human benefit, and of their poor human relevance for many diseases [2]. Of salient concern currently is the increased creation of, and experimentation on, GM monkeys, partly in response to greater appreciation of the inadequacies of GM mice.…”

Section: Crispr-mediated Gene Editing: Scientific and Ethical Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

CRISPR-Mediated Gene Editing: Scientific and Ethical Issues

Bailey¹

2019

Trends in Biotechnology

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“…Farm animals are also modified to increase productivity and reduce costs for farmers. Pigs are engineered to have less fat, fish are being modified to grow larger more rapidly [3] and other animals are being engineered to increase productivity [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Significant religious, secular and ethical implications ought to be taken into account as we go forward with genetic engineering. Genetic engineering is seen by many people as 'playing God' [4] or putting people in the place of the Creator [6] as it gives to a few people the ability to change the natural world completely. By genetically modifying organisms, a scientist assumes that this extremely new science is better for populating the world than God or any other Creator, including natural evolution and natural selection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetically modified foods (GMOs); a review of genetic engineering

Gatew¹

2019

jwpr

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Aim. This review article mainly focuses on the importance, possible risks and state of public debate on genetic engineering particularly on genetically modified organisms (GMOs). During the last decade, tremendous progress has been made in the area of genetic engineering. The technology has numerous applications in increasing productivity of agriculture (in farm animal and plant species) and biomedical industries. Creation of resistant varieties of plants, transgenic animals, increasing the protein content, biofertilization, recombinant pharmaceuticals and gene therapy are now the major application of genetic engineering. Despite the technology has opened up new opportunities for highly specific manipulation of the genetic material of organisms, it has the possible risks of genetic contamination/inbreeding, competition with natural species, ecosystem damage, risk of horizontal gene transfer, new kinds of outbreak diseases; creation of drug resistant germs; accidental escape of laboratory strains and increased disease burden if the recipient organism is a pathogenic microorganism or virus. Additionally, now, scientists are faced with ethical issue challenges related to moral and religious acceptance and animal welfare. Conclusion. Scientists need to consider the types of applications of genetic engineering which will appear on the commercial market as well as develop procedures which will minimize potential biological and ecological hazards of the technology. Even though, genetically modified foods currently available on the international market have passed safety assessments, countries vary in their regulation of genetically modified foods indicating the necessity of worldwide consensus on labelling and traceability of genetically modified foods taking into account health and environmental risks as well as religious issues.

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Genetic Modification of Animals: Scientific and Ethical Issues

Abstract: This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the prevailing cc-by-nc License at the time of publication.

Cited by 8 publications

References 140 publications

New European Union statistics on laboratory animal use – what really counts!

New European Union statistics on laboratory animal use – what really counts!

CRISPR-Mediated Gene Editing: Scientific and Ethical Issues

Genetically modified foods (GMOs); a review of genetic engineering

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