Genetic Modification of T Cells for the Immunotherapy of Cancer

Quinn, Suzanne Flannery; Lenart, Natasha; Dronzek, Victoria; Scurti, Gina; Hossain, Nasheed; Nishimura, Michael I.

doi:10.3390/vaccines10030457

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 160 publications

(221 reference statements)

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“…Despite the demonstration in previous studies of the variable effectiveness of using TILs in ovarian cancer, renal-cell carcinoma, and metastatic cases, TILs have not achieved more than a 50% response rate in melanoma cases [131]. The failure of TIL treatments in some cancers has been attributed to the difficulty of isolating TILs from lesions, such as those in the lungs, liver, and brain, and most of the TILs in these cases were not sufficiently enriched to counteract the tumor-specific antigens [132].…”

Section: Cell-based Immunotherapy-adoptive Cellular Transfer (Act)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cancer Resistance to Immunotherapy: Comprehensive Insights with Future Perspectives

Said

Ibrahim

2023

Pharmaceutics

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Cancer immunotherapy is a type of treatment that harnesses the power of the immune systems of patients to target cancer cells with better precision compared to traditional chemotherapy. Several lines of treatment have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and have led to remarkable success in the treatment of solid tumors, such as melanoma and small-cell lung cancer. These immunotherapies include checkpoint inhibitors, cytokines, and vaccines, while the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell treatment has shown better responses in hematological malignancies. Despite these breakthrough achievements, the response to treatment has been variable among patients, and only a small percentage of cancer patients gained from this treatment, depending on the histological type of tumor and other host factors. Cancer cells develop mechanisms to avoid interacting with immune cells in these circumstances, which has an adverse effect on how effectively they react to therapy. These mechanisms arise either due to intrinsic factors within cancer cells or due other cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). When this scenario is used in a therapeutic setting, the term “resistance to immunotherapy” is applied; “primary resistance” denotes a failure to respond to treatment from the start, and “secondary resistance” denotes a relapse following the initial response to immunotherapy. Here, we provide a thorough summary of the internal and external mechanisms underlying tumor resistance to immunotherapy. Furthermore, a variety of immunotherapies are briefly discussed, along with recent developments that have been employed to prevent relapses following treatment, with a focus on upcoming initiatives to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy for cancer patients.

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Section: Cell-based Immunotherapy-adoptive Cellular Transfer (Act)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cancer Resistance to Immunotherapy: Comprehensive Insights with Future Perspectives

Said

Ibrahim

2023

Pharmaceutics

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“…Historically, the first ACT that proved effective is tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy, reaching a high response rate in advanced melanoma patients [157]. Another approach is redirecting the specificity of T cells via genetic engineering, introducing genes encoding tumor antigen-recognizing TCRs, or transducing them with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) [155,158]. CARs consist of an scFv fragment of a tumor antigen-specific immunoglobulin connected to the CD3ζ signaling chain via a hinge and a transmembrane domain and of costimulatory domains.…”

Section: Targeting the Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into the Tumor Microenvironment—Components, Functions and Therapeutics

Baghy,

Ladányi,

Reszegi

et al. 2023

IJMS

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Similarly to our healthy organs, the tumor tissue also constitutes an ecosystem. This implies that stromal cells acquire an altered phenotype in tandem with tumor cells, thereby promoting tumor survival. Cancer cells are fueled by abnormal blood vessels, allowing them to develop and proliferate. Tumor-associated fibroblasts adapt their cytokine and chemokine production to the needs of tumor cells and alter the peritumoral stroma by generating more collagen, thereby stiffening the matrix; these processes promote epithelial–mesenchymal transition and tumor cell invasion. Chronic inflammation and the mobilization of pro-tumorigenic inflammatory cells further facilitate tumor expansion. All of these events can impede the effective administration of tumor treatment; so, the successful inhibition of tumorous matrix remodeling could further enhance the success of antitumor therapy. Over the last decade, significant progress has been made with the introduction of novel immunotherapy that targets the inhibitory mechanisms of T cell activation. However, extensive research is also being conducted on the stromal components and other cell types of the tumor microenvironment (TME) that may serve as potential therapeutic targets.

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Genetic Modification of T Cells for the Immunotherapy of Cancer

Cited by 2 publications

References 160 publications

Cancer Resistance to Immunotherapy: Comprehensive Insights with Future Perspectives

Cancer Resistance to Immunotherapy: Comprehensive Insights with Future Perspectives

Insights into the Tumor Microenvironment—Components, Functions and Therapeutics

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