Genetic modification of the carotenoid pathway in the red yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous: Engineering of a high-yield zeaxanthin strain

Metabolic engineering for high yield synthesis of astaxanthin in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous

“…Within the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway, phytoene-β-carotene synthase ( crtYB ) is also a bottleneck for the accumulation of astaxanthin due to its low expression levels [ 33 , 55 – 58 ]. Similarly, low expression levels of cytochrome P450 reductase ( crtR ), which participates in the catalysis of the last step of the astaxanthin biosynthesis, have been observed [ 51 , 56 , 59 – 61 ]. Moreover, the biosynthesis of carotenoids is inactivated when catabolite repression is induced.…”

“…crtR encodes cytochrome P450 reductase, which is involved in the last limiting step of the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway in X. dendrorhous [ 61 ]. As was mentioned in “ Overexpression/inactivation of the crtYB gene ” section, crtR provides electrons to astaxanthin synthase, which catalyzes β-carotene oxygenation leading to astaxanthin synthesis [ 75 , 86 ].…”

“…Despite the latter has been performed in S. cerevisiae and Y. lipolytica , this metabolic engineering program has not been carried out in X. dendrorhous . If increasing FPP accumulation is achieved, a second step focused on increasing the expression of genes directly involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway is necessary [ 33 , 51 , 55 – 59 , 61 ]. The low activity of crtYB , crtR and crtS are the main bottlenecks in the synthesis of astaxanthin and their overexpression would also prevent the accumulation of isoprenoid products, thus avoiding the effect of inhibition by products such as sterols.…”

Antibióticos Betalactâmicos E Atuação Das Beta - Lactamases

“…Os carotenoides são uma família de pigmentos terpenoides que abrangem o espectro de cores entre o amarelo, laranja e vermelho, associados a plantas e animais; são sintetizados por organismos fotossintéticos e por muitas bactérias, fungos filamentosos e leveduras. Têm efeitos benéficos para a saúde, protegendo o organismo contra os danos oxidativos (KIM et al, 2010;BREITENBACH et al, 2019;LINZEMBOLD et al, 2020).…”

“…Apesar da disponibilidade de uma variedade de carotenoides naturais e sintéticos, existe um interesse crescente pela produção por fontes microbianas devido às muitas vantagens desse processo (MATSELYUKH et al, 2013). Assim, métodos biotecnológicos industriais de produção de carotenoides têm sido desenvolvidos utilizando as algas Dunaliella salina e Haematococcus pluvialis, o fungo Blakeslea trispora e a levedura heterobasidiomiceto Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (JIN et al, 2017;BREITENBACH et al, 2019;SHARIATI et al, 2019;TUAN et al, 2019;EL-BAZ et al, 2020).…”