Genetic monitoring of steelhead in the Klickitat River to estimate productivity, straying, and migration timing

Collins, Erin E.; Hess, Jon E.; Bechtol, Shawn; Romero, Nicolas; Narum, Shawn R.; Zendt, Joseph S.

doi:10.1002/nafm.10921

Cited by 2 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…However, there was overlap in the spatial distributions of spawners; in fact, NOR spawners used all areas where HOR steelhead spawned (primarily in the lower Klickitat River subbasin). Genetic evaluations generally indicate that the hatchery program is not having a significant effect on the genetic diversity of NOR Klickitat River steelhead (Narum et al 2006(Narum et al , 2008Collins et al 2023), and this study shows that temporal separation in spawning is a possible mechanism. Our analysis suggests that only about one-fourth (23-28%) of the NOR steelhead population overlaps with HOR steelhead in space and time and has an opportunity to interact with HOR steelhead in the Klickitat River during spawning; the resulting rate of actual spawning interactions is unknown.…”

Section: Fatementioning

confidence: 63%

“…It is also known from genetic studies (Collins et al. 2023; others summarized by Zendt et al. 2021) that fairly high percentages (20–30%) of steelhead entering the Klickitat River likely originated from other subbasins.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…KLICKITAT RIVER HATCHERY/WILD SPAWNER OVERLAP non-direct migration behaviors, such as temporary straying into nonnatal rivers, fallback at fishways, and overshooting of natal rivers (e.g., Boggs et al 2004;Keefer et al 2008;Richins and Skalski 2018), and there may have been some effects of capture and/or tagging on fish behavior (e.g., Sethi et al 2018). It is also known from genetic studies (Collins et al 2023; others summarized by Zendt et al 2021) that fairly high percentages (20-30%) of steelhead entering the Klickitat River likely originated from other subbasins. The Klickitat River is a known coldwater refuge for upstream-migrating salmonids (Snyder et al 2022), and this likely contributes to use by fish that originated from other subbasins.…”

Section: Fatementioning

confidence: 96%

“…Results of those genetic analyses as well as the observations in this suggest that NOR winter and summer steelhead in the Klickitat River have fairly high levels of interbreeding, and the present study shows that spawn timing differs significantly between NOR (both summer and winter) and HOR steelhead. Recent genetic analysis also suggests that hatchery stocks have not greatly influenced the frequency of summer versus winter alleles in the Klickitat River NOR population (Collins et al 2023). Interactions between HOR and NOR spawners and the resulting influence on run timing diversity are ongoing topics of interest for managers.…”

Section: Fatementioning

confidence: 99%

“…2011, 2016; Collins et al. 2023), but the proportion of returning adults sampled is generally too low (due to physical constraints on trap capture rates) to estimate reproductive success. Therefore, other techniques are required to collect the data that are needed to inform management decisions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatial and temporal overlap between hatchery‐ and natural‐origin steelhead and Chinook Salmon during spawning in the Klickitat River, Washington, USA

Zendt¹,

Allen

Kock

et al. 2023

N American J Fish Manag

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A goal of many segregated salmonid hatchery programs is to minimize potential interbreeding between hatchery‐ and natural‐origin fish. To assess this on the Klickitat River, Washington, USA, we used radiotelemetry during 2009–2014 to evaluate spatiotemporal spawning overlap between hatchery‐origin and natural‐origin steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss and spring Chinook Salmon O. tshawytscha. We estimated percentages of tagged fish that spawned naturally in the Klickitat River subbasin, emigrated from the Klickitat River, or died before spawning. For steelhead, 12% of hatchery‐origin and 50% of natural‐origin fish spawned naturally. For spring Chinook Salmon, 18% of hatchery‐origin and 44% of natural‐origin fish spawned naturally. Tag loss may result in underestimates in these percentages. Most hatchery‐origin steelhead (90%) spawned downstream of rkm 32 and 75% spawned from November to mid‐March, while the majority of natural‐origin steelhead (64%) spawned upstream of rkm 32 and 75% spawned from mid‐March to late May. Spawn timing of hatchery‐origin Chinook Salmon (early August to mid‐September) overlapped with that of natural‐origin Chinook Salmon (late July to late September), and fish of both origins spawned in the same 30‐km reach of the river. We estimated the percent of hatchery‐origin spawners on the natural spawning grounds (pHOS) to be 12% for steelhead and 40% for spring Chinook Salmon across all study years. A kernel density analysis was used to estimate probability of spatiotemporal overlap between hatchery‐ and natural‐origin spawners. For steelhead, we estimated this overlap to be 25% (95% CI 22.5–28%). For spring Chinook Salmon, tight spatial clustering of hatchery‐origin fish resulted in a lower overlap estimate of 21% (13%‐31%). We suggest adjusting pHOS estimates using these overlap estimates or similar spatiotemporal data on actual spawner proximity and possible interactions, and that these types of analyses be used in conjunction with gene flow analysis to accurately evaluate effects of individual hatchery programs.

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Section: Fatementioning

confidence: 63%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Fatementioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Fatementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatial and temporal overlap between hatchery‐ and natural‐origin steelhead and Chinook Salmon during spawning in the Klickitat River, Washington, USA

Zendt¹,

Allen

Kock

et al. 2023

N American J Fish Manag

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Genetic variation associated with adult migration timing in lineages of Steelhead and Chinook Salmon in the Columbia River

Narum,

Horn,

Willis

et al. 2023

Evolutionary Applications

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With the discovery of a major effect region (GREB1L, ROCK1) for adult migration timing in genomes of both Chinook Salmon and Steelhead, several subsequent studies have investigated the effect size and distribution of early and late migration alleles among populations in the Columbia River. Here, we synthesize the results of these studies for the major lineages of Chinook Salmon and Steelhead that include highly distinct groups in the interior Columbia River that exhibit atypical life histories from most coastal lineage populations of these two species. Whole‐genome studies with high marker density have provided extensive insight into SNPs most associated with adult migration timing, and suites of markers for each species have been genotyped in large numbers of individuals to further validate phenotypic effects. For Steelhead, the largest phenotypic effect sizes have been observed in the coastal lineage (36% of variation for passage timing at Bonneville Dam; 43% of variation for tributary arrival timing) compared to the inland lineage (7.5% of variation for passage timing at Bonneville Dam; 8.4% of variation for tributary arrival timing) that overwinter in freshwater prior to spawning. For Chinook Salmon, large effect sizes have been observed in all three lineages for multiple adult migration phenotypes (Coastal lineage: percentage of variation of 27.9% for passage timing at Bonneville Dam, 28.7% for arrival timing for spawning; Interior ocean type: percentage of variation of 47.6% for passage timing at Bonneville Dam, 39.6% for tributary arrival timing, 77.9% for arrival timing for spawning; Interior stream type: percentage of variation of 35.3% for passage at Bonneville Dam, 9.8% for tributary arrival timing, 4.7% for arrival timing for spawning). Together, these results have extended our understanding of genetic variation associated with life history diversity in distinct populations of the Columbia River, however, much research remains necessary to determine the causal mechanism for this major effect region on migration timing in these species.

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Genetic monitoring of steelhead in the Klickitat River to estimate productivity, straying, and migration timing

Cited by 2 publications

References 72 publications

Spatial and temporal overlap between hatchery‐ and natural‐origin steelhead and Chinook Salmon during spawning in the Klickitat River, Washington, USA

Spatial and temporal overlap between hatchery‐ and natural‐origin steelhead and Chinook Salmon during spawning in the Klickitat River, Washington, USA

Genetic variation associated with adult migration timing in lineages of Steelhead and Chinook Salmon in the Columbia River

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