Genetic origin of Norwegian farmed Atlantic salmon

Gjedrem, Trygve; Gjøen, Hans Magnus; Gjerde, Bjarne

doi:10.1016/0044-8486(91)90369-i

Cited by 213 publications

(174 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…This may re£ect the faster growth rate and, thus, larger size of the farm and farm £ native o¡spring than the native o¡spring (see also Einum & Fleming 1997;McGinnity et al 1997). Norwegian farm salmon have undergone selection for rapid growth (Gjedrem et al 1991), which may also explain their greater allocation of resources to length than weight growth (body condition) (¢gure 2), a pattern consistent with increased growth hormone production ( Johnsson et al 1996). Similarly, McGinnity et al (1997) reported competitive displacement; however, in contrast to the present study the native o¡spring were displaced downstream into a lake by faster-growing and larger farm and hybrid o¡spring.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 55%

“…Adult farm salmon (¢fth generation) derived from Norway's national breeding programme (Gjedrem et al 1991) and reared locally were transported to the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) station at Ims in September^October 1993 where they were maintained in 4000-l holding tanks. Over 50% of the world's farm Atlantic salmon derive from this programme or its predecessor with the ¢shes having been used in Australia, Canada, Chile, Ireland, Norway, Scotland and the USA.…”

Section: (A) Anadromous Adults and Breeding Successmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lifetime success and interactions of farm salmon invading a native population

Fleming

Hindar

Mjølnerød

et al. 2000

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

476

566

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Farm Atlantic salmon escape and invade rivers throughout the North Atlantic annually, which has generated growing concern about their impacts on native salmon populations. A large-scale experiment was therefore undertaken in order to quantify the lifetime success and interactions of farm salmon invading a Norwegian river. Sexually mature farm and native salmon were genetically screened, radio tagged and released into the River Imsa where no other salmon had been allowed to ascend. The farm ¢shes were competitively and reproductively inferior, achieving less than one-third the breeding success of the native ¢shes. Moreover, this inferiority was sex biased, being more pronounced in farm males than females, resulting in the principal route of gene £ow involving native males mating with farm females. There were also indications of selection against farm genotypes during early survival but not thereafter. However, evidence of resource competition and competitive displacement existed as the productivity of the native population was depressed by more than 30%. Ultimately, the lifetime reproductive success (adult to adult) of the farm ¢shes was 16% that of the native salmon. Our results indicate that such annual invasions have the potential for impacting on population productivity, disrupting local adaptations and reducing the genetic diversity of wild salmon populations.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 55%

Section: (A) Anadromous Adults and Breeding Successmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lifetime success and interactions of farm salmon invading a native population

Fleming

Hindar

Mjølnerød

et al. 2000

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

476

566

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…So how valid is our assumption that the past effective population size for the Atlantic salmon aquaculture breeding programmme was 100? The breeding programme for Atlantic salmon in Norway began seven generations ago, and was based on sampling fish from a number of rivers throughout Norway (Gjedrem et al, 1991). However, only a small number of the fish sampled have actually contributed to the breeding population (Gjedrem et al, 1991), and the estimated effective population size is between 200 and 50 (Mork et al, 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The breeding programme for Atlantic salmon in Norway began seven generations ago, and was based on sampling fish from a number of rivers throughout Norway (Gjedrem et al, 1991). However, only a small number of the fish sampled have actually contributed to the breeding population (Gjedrem et al, 1991), and the estimated effective population size is between 200 and 50 (Mork et al, 1999). The effective population is likely to have been very much larger in the past -estimates for effective population sizes for populations from single rivers are in the order of 200 (eg Spidle et al, 2004), and the populations across rivers will be very much larger.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Power of QTL mapping experiments in commercial Atlantic salmon populations, exploiting linkage and linkage disequilibrium and effect of limited recombination in males

2006

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Whereas detection and positioning of genes that affect quantitative traits (quantitative trait loci (QTL)) using linkage mapping uses only information from recombinants in the genotyped generations, linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping uses historical recombinants. Thus, whereas linkage mapping requires large family sizes to detect and accurately position QTL, LD mapping is more dependant on the number of families sampled from the population. In commercial Atlantic salmon breeding programmes, only a small number of individuals per family are routinely phenotyped for traits such as disease resistance and meat colour. In this paper, we assess the power and accuracy of combined linkage disequilibrium linkage analysis (LDLA) to detect QTL in the commercial population using simulation. When 15 half-sib sire families (each sire mated to 30 dams, each dam with 10 progeny) were sampled from the population for genotyping, we were able to detect a QTL explaining 10% of the phenotypic variance in 85% of replicates and position this QTL within 3 cM of the true position in 70% of replicates. When recombination was absent in males, a feature of the salmon genome, power to detect QTL increased; however, the accuracy of positioning the QTL was decreased. By increasing the number of sire families sampled from the population to be genotyped to 30, we were able to increase both the proportion of QTL detected and correctly positioned (even with no recombination in males). QTL with much smaller effect could also be detected. The results suggest that even with the existing recording structure in commercial salmon breeding programmes, there is considerable power to detect and accurately position QTL using LDLA.

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“…Some of these differences potentially reflect adaptations to their natal rivers (Taylor 1991, Garcia de Leaniz et al 2007). In contrast, farmed Atlantic salmon in Norway have been subject to domestication selection since the start of the aquaculture industry in the early 1970s (Gjedrem et al 1991), and are at present approximately in their 10th generation. As a result of domestication, farmed salmon display a range of genetic differences to wild salmon, including: growth (Glover et al 2009, Solberg et al 2013, behavior (Fleming & Einum 1997), gene-expression patterns (Roberge et al 2006, Solberg et al 2012) and allele frequencies of putatively neutral (Skaala et al 2004) and putatively nonneutral genetic markers (Karlsson et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Triploid (sterile) farmed Atlantic salmon males attempt to spawn with wild females

Fjelldal¹,

Wennevik²,

Fleming³

et al. 2014

Aquacult. Environ. Interact.

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Genetic interaction between farmed escapees and wild conspecifics represents one of the major environmental challenges faced by the Atlantic salmon aquaculture industry. In order to mitigate genetic interactions, triploid (sterile) farmed fish can be produced. However, triploids may still develop secondary sexual characteristics, and potentially attempt to spawn with wild fish. Here, triploid farmed salmon males were placed into 2 spawning arenas containing either a wild and a farmed female, or a wild and a farmed female and wild males. Qualitative observations demonstrated that triploid male Atlantic salmon displayed the full range of spawning behaviors of wild males, and stimulated the wild female to spawn in the absence of wild males. Quantitative aspects of the observed behaviors, such as their frequency among triploid males and the competitive ability of farmed triploid males compared with diploid farmed and wild males, require investigation before full-scale production of triploid salmon is initiated commercially.

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Genetic origin of Norwegian farmed Atlantic salmon

Cited by 213 publications

References 8 publications

Lifetime success and interactions of farm salmon invading a native population

Lifetime success and interactions of farm salmon invading a native population

Power of QTL mapping experiments in commercial Atlantic salmon populations, exploiting linkage and linkage disequilibrium and effect of limited recombination in males

Triploid (sterile) farmed Atlantic salmon males attempt to spawn with wild females

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